1. Bhoti ayye = Dear lady!6Both “bhoti” and “ayye”, etc., are examples. When forming these words, the inflection ‘si’ is employed; then, by this sutta, ‘si’ is named ‘ga’, and the application of the other suttas follows to complete the word.
2. Bhoti kaññe = Dear girl!
3. Bhoti Kharādiye = Dear Kharādiyā!

What is the purpose of saying “vocative”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in other cases such as] “Sā ayyā” (that lady) –here the case is not vocative but nominative–.

What is the purpose of saying ‘si’? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the example] “Bhotiyo ayyāyo” –here the inflection is ‘yo’, not ‘si’–.7There are two inflections ‘si’: (1) the ‘si’ of the nominative singular (paṭhamā) and (2) the ‘si’ of the vocative singular (ālapana), to which this sutta gives the name ‘ga’. The purpose of this name is to allow the application of the morphological procedures prescribed by the pertinent suttas, and to distinguish precisely between both inflections ‘si’. This explanation was taken from the book of the Venerable A. Thitzana.

What is the use of the name ‘ga’? [For the use of the name ‘ga’ in suttas such as] “Ghat’ e ca” (§114). After ‘gha’ there is [substitution of ‘ga’] by ‘e’.8Both “bhoti” and “ayye”, etc., are examples. When forming these words, the inflection ‘si’ is employed; then, by this sutta, ‘si’ is named ‘ga’, and the application of the other suttas follows to complete the word.

1. Etissaṃ = etā + smiṃ (‘ā’ of “etā” is substituted by ‘i’ (§63); ‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘saṃ’ (§179) and ‘s’ is inserted (§62)). Meaning: “in that”. [Feminine gender.]
2. Etissā = etā + sa (‘ā’ of “etā” is substituted by ‘i’ (§63); ‘sa’ is substituted by ‘sā’ (§179) and ‘s’ is inserted (§62)). Meaning: “of that”. [Feminine gender.]
3. The rest (imissaṃ, imissā; tissaṃ, tissā; tassaṃ, tassā; yassaṃ, yassā; amussaṃ, amussā) are to be understood similarly.

What is the purpose of saying “‘saṃ’ and ‘sā’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘saṃ’ or ‘sā’, such as in] “agginā” (with fire) and “pāṇinā” (with the hand).

What is the purpose of saying “singular”? [This sutta does not apply when the words are not singular, such as in] tāsaṃ (of those) and sabbāsaṃ (of all).

What is the purpose of saying “which are substitutions of inflections”? [This sutta does not apply when there are no substitutions of inflections, such as in] manasā (with the mind), vacasā (with speech) and thāmasā (with strength).

1. Tissaṃ = tā + smiṃ (‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘saṃ’ (§179); ‘ā’ of “tā” is substituted by ‘i’ (§64) and ‘s’ is inserted (§62)).
2. Tissā = tā + sa (‘sa’ is substituted by ‘sā’ (§179); ‘ā’ of “tā” is substituted by ‘i’ (§64) and ‘s’ is inserted (§62)).

1. Tissāya = tā + sa (‘ā’ of “tā” is substituted by ‘i’ (§64); ‘sa’ is substituted by ‘ssāya’ (§65)).
2. Etissāya = etā + sa (‘ā’ of “etā” is substituted by ‘i’ (§63); ‘sa’ is substituted by ‘ssāya’ (§65)).
3. Imissāya = imā + sa (‘ā’ of “imā” is substituted by ‘i’ (§63); ‘sa’ is substituted by ‘ssāya’ (§65)).

What is the purpose of saying “optionally”? [In the following examples ‘sa’ is not substituted by ‘ssāya’:] tissā, etissā, imissā.

1. Tassaṃ = tā + smiṃ (‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘saṃ’ (§179); ‘s’ is inserted (§62); ‘ā’ is named ‘gha’ (§60); ‘ā’ of “tā” is shortened (§66)).
2. Tassā = tā + sa (‘sa’ is substituted by ‘sā’ (§179); ‘s’ is inserted (§62); ‘ā’ is named ‘gha’ (§60); ‘ā’ of “tā” is shortened (§66)).
3. Yassaṃ = yā + smiṃ (‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘saṃ’ (§179); ‘s’ is inserted (§62); ‘ā’ is named ‘gha’ (§60); ‘ā’ of “yā” is shortened (§66)).
4. Yassā = yā + sa (‘sa’ is substituted by ‘sā’ (§179); ‘s’ is inserted (§62); ‘ā’ is named ‘gha’ (§60); ‘ā’ of “yā” is shortened (§66)).
5. Sabbassaṃ = sabbā + smiṃ (‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘saṃ’ (§179); ‘s’ is inserted (§62); ‘ā’ is named ‘gha’ (§60); ‘ā’ of “sabbā” is shortened (§66)).
6. Sabbassā = sabbā + sa (‘sa’ is substituted by ‘sā’ (§179); ‘s’ is inserted (§62); ‘ā’ is named ‘gha’ (§60); ‘ā’ of “sabbā” is shortened (§66)).

What is the purpose of saying “‘saṃ’ and ‘sā’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘saṃ’ or ‘sā’, such as in] tāya, sabbāya.

What is the purpose of saying “singular”? [This sutta does not apply when the words are not singular, such as in] tāsaṃ, sabbāsaṃ.

1. Dvinnaṃ (of two) = dvi + naṃ (by this sutta ‘n’ is inserted).
2. Tinnaṃ (of three), catunnaṃ (of four), pañcannaṃ (of five), channaṃ (of six), sattannaṃ (of seven), aṭṭhannaṃ (of eight), navannaṃ (of nine), dasannaṃ (of ten). The formation of these numerals is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “‘dvi’ and others”? [This sutta does not apply to higher numbers such as] sahassānaṃ (of thousands).

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘naṃ’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘naṃ’ does not follow, such as in] dvīsu (in two), tīsu (in three).

And by taking “ca”, ‘ssa’ is also inserted.

1. Catassannaṃ = catu + naṃ (‘u’ of “catu” is substituted by ‘a’ (§404); by “ca” of this sutta ‘ssa’ is inserted). Catassannaṃ itthīnaṃ (of four women).
2. Tissannaṃ = ti + naṃ (by “ca” of this sutta ‘ssa’ is inserted). Tissannaṃ vedanānaṃ (of three feelings).

1. Matyaṃ = mati + smiṃ (‘i’ of “mati” is named ‘pa’ (§59); ‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘aṃ’ (§68); ‘i’ of “mati” is substituted by ‘y’ (§72)).
2. Matyā = mati + smā (‘i’ of “mati” is named ‘pa’ (§59); ‘smā’ is substituted by ‘ā’ (§68); ‘i’ of “mati” is substituted by ‘y’ (§72)).
3. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous ones.

1. Ādiṃ = ādi + smiṃ (‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘aṃ’ (§69); ‘i’ of “ādi” is named ‘jha’ (§58); ‘aṃ’ becomes ‘ṃ’ (§82)).
2. Ādo = ādi + smiṃ (‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘o’ (§69); ‘i’ of “ādi” is elided (§83)).

What is the purpose of saying “optionally”? [This sutta does not apply in:] ādismiṃ, ādimhi nāthaṃ namassitvāna (having paid homage to the Lord, in the beginning).

And by taking “ca”, also after other words ‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘ā’, ‘o’ and ‘aṃ’.

1. Divā = divā + smiṃ (‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘ā’ (§69); ‘ā’ of “divā” is elided (§83)).
2. Ratto = ratti + smiṃ (‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘o’ (§69); ‘i’ of “ratti” is elided (§83)).
3. Bārāṇasiṃ = Bārāṇasī + smiṃ (‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘aṃ’ (§69); ‘ī’ of “Bārāṇasī” is shortened (§84); ‘aṃ’ becomes ‘ṃ’ (§82)).

“Divā ca ratto ca haranti ye baliṃ” (those who by day and by night bring offerings). “Bārāṇasiṃ ahu rājā” (there was a king in Vārāṇasī).

1. Tiyantaṃ = ti + antaṃ (‘i’ of ‘ti’ is named ‘jha’ (§58); ‘i’ is substituted by ‘iya’ (§70); ‘a’ of ‘iya’ is elided (§83)).
2. Bhikkhuvāsane = bhikkhu + āsane (‘u’ of “bhikkhu” is named ‘la’ (§58); ‘u’ is substituted by ‘uva’ (§70); ‘a’ of ‘uva’ is elided (§83)).
3. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous ones.

What is the purpose of saying “when a vowel follows”? [This sutta does not apply when a vowel does not follow, such as in] timalaṃ, tiphalaṃ, ticatukkaṃ, tidaṇḍaṃ, tilokaṃ, tinayanaṃ, tipāsaṃ, tihaṃsaṃ, tibhavaṃ, tikhandhaṃ, tipiṭakaṃ, tivedanaṃ, catuddisaṃ, puthubhūtaṃ.

What is the purpose of saying “optionally”? [This sutta does not apply in] pañcah’ aṅgehi, tīhākārehi, cakkh’ āyatanaṃ.

“Vā” is used in the meaning of alternative (vikappana). [By that “vā”] the letter ‘i’ is substituted by ‘aya’. Vatthuttayaṃ = vatthutti + si (by “vā” of this sutta, ‘i’ of ‘ti’ is substituted by ‘aya’; ‘si’ is substituted by ‘aṃ’).

1. Agyāgāraṃ = aggi + āgāraṃ (‘i’ of “aggi” is named ‘jha’ (§58); ‘i’ is substituted by ‘ya’ (§71); ‘a’ of ‘ya’ is elided (§83); ‘g’ of “aggi” is also elided (§41)).
2. Svāgataṃ = su + āgataṃ (‘u’ is named ‘la’ (§58); ‘u’ is substituted by ‘va’ (§71); ‘a’ of ‘va’ is elided (§83)).
3. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous ones.

“Ca” is used in the meaning of collecting (sampiṇḍana).12“Ca” means here sampiṇḍana (collecting), since both this sutta and §70 · Jha-lānam iy’-uvā sare vā — When a vowel follows, optionally, [there are] ‘iya’ and ‘uva’ of ‘jha’ and ‘la’.">§70 have a similar function: in §70 · Jha-lānam iy’-uvā sare vā — When a vowel follows, optionally, [there are] ‘iya’ and ‘uva’ of ‘jha’ and ‘la’.">§70, ‘jha’ and ‘la’ are substituted by ‘iya’ and ‘uva’; in this sutta, by ‘ya’ and ‘va’. The “ca” gathers both operations as a set. Ref. Ven. A. Thitzana.

1. Puthabyā = puthavī + smā (‘ī’ of “puthavī” is named ‘pa’ (§59); ‘smā’ is substituted by ‘ā’ (§68); ‘ī’ is substituted by ‘ya’ (§72); ‘v’ is substituted by ‘b’ (§20)).
2. The formation of ratyā and matyā is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “when a vowel follows”? [This sutta does not apply when a vowel does not follow, such as in] puthaviyaṃ.

1. Gāvassa = go + sa (‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘āva’ (§73) and ‘s’ is inserted (§61)).

1. Gāvo = go + yo (‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘āva’ (§74); ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘o’ (“tu” in §205); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
2. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of taking “ca”? [By taking “ca”, there is the substitution ‘āva’] also when ‘nā’, ‘smā’, ‘smiṃ’ and ‘su’ follow.

1. Gāvena = go + nā (‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘āva’ by “ca” of this sutta (§74); ‘nā’ is substituted by ‘ena’ (§103); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
2. Gāvā = go + smā (‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘āva’ by “ca” of this sutta (§74); ‘smā’ is substituted by ‘ā’ (§108); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
3. Gāve = go + smiṃ (‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘āva’ by “ca” of this sutta (§74); ‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘e’ (§108); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
4. Gāvesu = go + su (‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘āva’ by “ca” of this sutta (§74); ‘a’ is substituted by ‘e’ (§101)).

1. Gāvaṃ = go + aṃ (‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘āva’ (§75); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
2. Gavaṃ = go + aṃ (‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§75); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).

By taking “ca”, when the remaining inflections beginning with ‘sa’ mentioned in the previous [two] suttas follow, ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’.

1. Gavassa = go + sa (by “ca” of this sutta, ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§75); ‘s’ is inserted (§61)).
2. Gavo = go + yo (by “ca” of this sutta, ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§75); ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘o’ (“tu” in §205); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
3. Gavena = go + nā (by “ca” of this sutta, ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§75); ‘nā’ is substituted by ‘ena’ (§103); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
4. Gavā = go + smā (by “ca” of this sutta, ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§75); ‘smā’ is substituted by ‘ā’ (§108); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
5. Gave = go + smiṃ (by “ca” of this sutta, ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§75); ‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘e’ (§108); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
6. Gavesu = go + su (by “ca” of this sutta, ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§75); ‘a’ is substituted by ‘e’ (§101)).

1. Gāvuṃ = go + aṃ (‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘āva’ (§73); ‘a’ of ‘āva’ is substituted by ‘u’ (§76); ‘aṃ’ is substituted by ‘ṃ’ (§82)).
2. Gāvaṃ = no application of this rule.

What is the purpose of saying “of ‘āva’”? [This sutta does not apply in] gavaṃ.

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘aṃ’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘aṃ’ does not follow, such as in] gāvo tiṭṭhanti.

1. Gavaṃpati = gonaṃ + pati (‘naṃ’ is substituted by ‘aṃ’ (§77); ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§77); ‘a’ of ‘ava’ is elided (§12)).

What is the purpose of saying “in a compound with [the inflection] not elided”? [This sutta does not apply when there is a compound with elision of the inflection, such as in] gopati.

And by taking “ca”, also when there is no compound, ‘naṃ’ is substituted by ‘aṃ’ and ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’.

1. Gavaṃ = go + naṃ (‘naṃ’ is substituted by ‘aṃ’ (§77); ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§77)).

1. Gavassakaṃ = go + assakaṃ (‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§78); ‘a’ of ‘ava’ is elided (§12)).

And by taking “ca”, when ‘smiṃ’ and ‘yo’ follow, sometimes the bases ending in ‘u’ and ‘ū’ are substituted by ‘uva’, ‘ava’ and ‘ura’.

1. Bhuvi = bhū + smiṃ (by “ca” of this sutta, ‘ū’ of “bhū” is substituted by ‘uva’ (§78); by “tato” of §206 ‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘i’; ‘a’ of ‘uva’ is elided (§12)).
2. Pasavo = pasu + yo (by “ca” of this sutta, ‘u’ of “pasu” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§78); ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘o’ (“tu” in §205); ‘a’ of ‘ava’ is elided (§12)).
3. Caturo = catu + yo (by “ca” of this sutta, ‘u’ is substituted by ‘ura’ (§78); ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘o’ (“tu” in §205); ‘a’ of ‘ura’ is elided (§12)).

What is the purpose of saying “when a vowel follows”? [This sutta does not apply when a vowel does not follow, such as in] godhano, govindho.

1. Uggate = ava + gate (‘ava’ is substituted by ‘o’ (§50); then ‘o’ becomes ‘u’ (§79); ‘g’ of “gate” is doubled (§20)).15Note: both changes, ‘ava’ → ‘o’ and ‘o’ → ‘u’, are called viparīta (transformation).

“Ca” is for [delimiting the application of] this rule, [which does not apply in] avasāne, avakiraṇe, avakirati.

1. Goṇānaṃ = go + naṃ (“go” is substituted by “goṇa” (§80); ‘a’ of “goṇa” is lengthened (§89)).

What is the purpose of saying “optionally”? [This sutta does not apply in:] “Gonañ ce taramānānaṃ, ujuṃ gacchati puṅgavo. Sabbā gāvī ujuṃ yanti, nette ujuṃ gate sati”. (When the leader of the crossing cattle goes straight, all the cows go straight when the leader goes straight.)

By dividing the sutta, in other contexts there is also the substitution by “goṇa”: goṇabhūtānaṃ.

1. Goṇesu = go + su (“go” is substituted by “goṇa” (§81); ‘a’ of “goṇa” is substituted by ‘e’ (§101)).

What is the purpose of saying “optionally”? [This sutta does not apply in] gosu, gohi, gobhi, gavena.

And by taking “ca”, when the remaining inflections, ‘si’ and others, mentioned before and after, follow, there are also the substitutions by “goṇa”, “gu” and “gavaya”.

1. Goṇo = go + si (‘si’ is substituted by ‘o’ (§104); “go” is substituted by “goṇa” (§81); ‘a’ of “goṇa” is elided (§12)).
2. Gunnaṃ = go + naṃ (“go” is substituted by “gu” (§81); ‘n’ is inserted (§28)).
3. Gavayehi = go + hi (“go” is substituted by “gavaya” (§81); ‘a’ is substituted by ‘e’ (§108)).

1. Aggiṃ = aggi + aṃ (‘i’ of “aggi” is named ‘jha’ (§58); ‘aṃ’ becomes ‘ṃ’ (§82)).
2. Rattiṃ = ratti + aṃ (‘i’ of “ratti” is named ‘pa’ (§59); ‘aṃ’ becomes ‘ṃ’ (§82)).
3. Pulliṅgaṃ = puma + liṅgaṃ (‘ma’ of “puma” becomes ‘ṃ’ (§82); ‘ṃ’ becomes ‘l’ (§31); ‘l’ is doubled (§28)).

What is the purpose of saying “‘aṃ’ and ‘ma’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘aṃ’ or ‘ma’, such as in] agginā, pāṇinā, bhikkhunā, rattiyā, itthiyā, vadhuyā.

What is the purpose of saying “after ‘jha’, ‘la’ and ‘pa’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘jha’, ‘la’ or ‘pa’, such as in] sukhaṃ, dukkhaṃ.

Taking again “jha-la-pehi” is to prevent “vā” from following up to here.16To prevent the application of the optional rule (vibhāsa-nivattana) here. Examples: aggiṃ, paṭuṃ, buddhiṃ, vadhuṃ.

1. Purisaṃ = purisa + aṃ (because of ‘aṃ’, there is elision of the vowel ‘a’ of “purisa” (§83); ‘a’ of ‘aṃ’ does not change (§83)).
2. Pāpiyo = pāpa + iya (‘a’ of “pāpa” is elided (§83); ‘i’ of ‘iya’ does not change (§83)).

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘aṃ’, a substitution, a suffix, etc., [follow]”? [This sutta does not apply when that does not happen, such as in] “Appamādo amataṃ padaṃ”.19Note: Here the initial ‘a’ of “amataṃ” is not the inflection ‘aṃ’, nor a substitution, nor a suffix; therefore this rule does not operate.

What is the purpose of saying “when there is elision of the vowel”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no vowel to elide, such as in] purisassa, daṇḍinaṃ.

‘Tu’ is for preventing the operation of this rule in “bhikkhunī”, “gahapatānī”.

1. Bhikkhunī = bhikkhu + inī (here ‘i’ of ‘inī’ is elided (§13)).
2. Gahapatānī = gahapati + inī (‘i’ of ‘pati’ is substituted by ‘a’ (§91); ‘i’ of ‘inī’ is elided (§13); ‘a’ becomes ‘ā’ (§16)).

Taking again “pakati”, there is also sandhi: seyyo, seṭṭho, jeyyo, jeṭṭho.20The procedure of euphonic combination involves substituting ‘i’ by ‘e’ and doubling ‘y’.

1. Itthiṃ = itthī + aṃ (‘ī’ of “itthī” is shortened (§84); ‘aṃ’ becomes ‘ṃ’ (§82)).
2. Itthiyo = itthī + yo (‘ī’ of “itthī” is shortened (§84)).
3. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous ones.

What is the purpose of saying “non-‘gha’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is ‘gha’, such as in] kaññaṃ, kaññāyo, kaññāya.

What is the purpose of saying “when the singular [number] and ‘yo’ [follow]”? [This sutta does not apply when that is not the case, such as in] itthīhi, sayambhūhi.

“Ca” is for emphasis.

By taking “api”, there is no shortening.

1. Itthī = itthī + si (‘ī’ is not shortened because of “api” in this sutta (§84); ‘si’ is elided (§220)).

1. Itthī = itthī + si (‘ī’ is not shortened; ‘si’ is elided (§220)).

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘si’ [follows]”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘si’ does not follow, such as in] “bhoti itthi”, etc.21These examples do not correspond to the first inflection ‘si’ but to the ‘si’ of the vocative.

1. Itthi = itthī + si (‘si’ is named ‘gha’ (§57); ‘ī’ is shortened (§245); ‘si’ is elided (§220)).

What is the purpose of saying “non-neuters”? [This sutta does not apply when they are neuter, such as in] “sukhakāri dānaṃ”, etc.

1. Sukhakāri = sukhakārī + si (‘si’ is named ‘jha’ (§58); ‘ī’ is shortened by this sutta (§85); ‘si’ is elided (§220)).

1. Ubhinnaṃ = ubha + naṃ (‘naṃ’ is substituted by ‘innaṃ’ (§86); ‘a’ of “ubha” is elided (§83)).
2. Duvinnaṃ = dvi + naṃ (‘naṃ’ is substituted by ‘innaṃ’ (§86); by “ca” (§132) “dvi” is substituted by “duvi”; ‘i’ of “duvi” is elided (§83)).

What is the purpose of saying “after ‘ubha’ and others”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no “ubha” and others, such as in] ubhayesaṃ.22Here the word is “ubhaya”.

1. Tiṇṇaṃ, tiṇṇannaṃ = ti + naṃ (‘naṃ’ is substituted by ‘iṇṇaṃ’ and ‘iṇṇannaṃ’ (§87); ‘i’ of “ti” is elided (§83)).

What is the purpose of saying “after the numeral ‘ti’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘ti’, such as in] dvinnaṃ.

1. Aggī = aggi + yo (‘yo’ is elided (§118); ‘i’ is lengthened (§88)).
2. Āyūni = āyu + yo (‘yo’ is substituted by ‘ni’ (§217); ‘u’ is lengthened (§88)).

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘yo’ [follows]”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘yo’, such as in] aggi, bhikkhu, ratti, yāgu, sabbo, yo, so, ko, amuko.

What is the purpose of saying “when it becomes ‘ni’ or is elided”? [This sutta does not apply when it neither becomes ‘ni’ nor is elided, such as in] itthiyo, vadhuyo, sayambhuvo.

What is the purpose of taking this sutta again? To show that it is a fixed operation. Examples: aggī, bhikkhū, rattī, yāni, tāni, katamāni.

1. Aggīsu = aggi + su (‘i’ is lengthened (§89)).
2. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “when these follow”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘su’, ‘naṃ’ and ‘hi’ do not follow, such as in] agginā, pāṇinā, daṇḍinā.

“Ca” is for preventing [the application of this rule in the following cases].

1. Brahmacārisu = brahmacāri + su (here ‘i’ is not lengthened, by “ca” (§89)).
2. Bhikkhunaṃ = bhikkhu + naṃ (here ‘u’ is not lengthened).
3. Pāṇibhi = pāṇi + hi (‘hi’ is substituted by ‘bhi’ (§99); ‘i’ is not lengthened, by “ca” (§89)).

1. Pañcasu = pañca + su (‘a’ remains ‘a’ (§90)).

What is the purpose of saying “of ‘pañca’ and others”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no “pañca” and others, such as in] dvīsu, dvinnaṃ, dvīhi.

“Attaṃ”, which is an expression that indicates a state (bhāvaniddesa), has the purpose of inserting ‘ssa’ and changing the end ‘u’ into ‘a’.

1. Catassannaṃ = catu + naṃ (‘ssa’ is inserted; ‘u’ becomes ‘a’ (§90)).
2. Tissannaṃ = ti + naṃ (‘ssa’ is inserted (§90); ‘n’ is doubled (§28)).23Note: In the sutta it is said “pañcādīnam attaṃ” and not “pañcādīnam a”. “Attaṃ” = state of ‘a’; thus “attaṃ” is called bhāvaniddesa (an expression that indicates a state). The expression that indicates a state has the purpose of inserting ‘ssa’ and changing ‘u’ into ‘a’.

1. Gahapatānī = gahapati + inī (‘i’ of “gahapati” becomes ‘a’ (§91); ‘i’ of ‘inī’ is elided (§13); ‘a’ is lengthened (§16)).

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘inī’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘inī’ does not follow, such as in] gahapati.

1. Guṇavantesu = guṇavantu + su (‘u’ of ‘ntu’ becomes ‘a’ (§92); ‘a’ becomes ‘e’ (§89)).
2. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “of ‘ntu’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘ntu’, such as in] isīnaṃ.

What is the purpose of saying “when these follow”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘su’, ‘naṃ’, ‘hi’ and ‘yo’ do not follow, such as in] guṇavā.

By taking “ca”, when other inflections follow, there is also ‘a’. Examples: guṇavantasmiṃ, guṇavantena.

By taking “anta”, the end vowel of the suffix ‘ntu’ becomes ‘a’, and ‘yo’ becomes ‘i’. Example:

1. Guṇavanti = guṇavantu + yo (‘u’ of ‘ntu’ becomes ‘a’ by “anta” (§92); ‘yo’ becomes ‘i’ (§92); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).

1. Satimaṃ = satimantu + aṃ (‘ntu’ becomes ‘a’ (§93); ‘a’ is elided (§83); ‘aṃ’ becomes ‘ṃ’ (§82)).
2. Satimassa = satimantu + sa (‘ntu’ becomes ‘a’ (§93); ‘a’ is elided (§83); ‘s’ is inserted (§61)).

What is the purpose of saying “when these follow”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘aṃ’ and ‘sa’ do not follow, such as in] satimā bhikkhu, bandhumā rājā.

1. Himavanto = himavantu + si (‘u’ of ‘ntu’ becomes ‘a’ (§94); ‘si’ is substituted by ‘o’ (§104); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).

What is the purpose of saying “optionally”? [This sutta does not always apply, such as in] himavā pabbato.

1. Aggini = aggi + si (‘i’ of “aggi” becomes ‘ini’ (§95); ‘si’ is elided (§220)).

What is the purpose of saying “optionally”? [This sutta does not always apply, such as in] aggi.

1. Aggayo = aggi + yo (‘i’ is named ‘jha’ (§58) and it has not been shortened; ‘i’ becomes ‘a’ (§96)).
2. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘yo’ [follows]”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘yo’ does not follow, such as in] aggīsu.

What is the purpose of saying “not shortened”? [This sutta does not apply when it has been shortened, such as in] daṇḍino.

Daṇḍino = daṇḍī + yo (‘ī’ of “daṇḍī” is shortened (§84); therefore this sutta does not operate).

What is the purpose of saying “‘jha’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘jha’, such as in] rattiyo.

1. Bhikkhave = bhikkhu + yo (‘u’ of “bhikkhu” is named ‘la’ (§58); ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘ve’ (§116); ‘u’, which has not been shortened, becomes ‘a’ (§97)).
2. Bhikkhavo = bhikkhu + yo (‘u’ of “bhikkhu” is named ‘la’ (§58); ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘vo’ (§119); ‘u’, which has not been shortened, becomes ‘a’ (§97)).
3. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “not shortened”? [This sutta does not apply when it has been shortened, such as in] sayambhuvo, vessabhuvo, parābhibhuvo.

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘ve’ and ‘vo’ follow”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘ve’ and ‘vo’ do not follow, such as in] hetunā, ketunā, setunā.

“Ca” is for dragging (anukaḍḍhana).

1. Mātulānī = mātula + ī (‘a’ of “mātula” becomes ‘āna’ (§98); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).
2. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘ī’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘ī’ does not follow, such as in] bhikkhunī, rājinī, jālinī, gahapatānī.

By taking “ānatta”, when ‘yo’, ‘nā’ and ‘sa’ follow, ‘dī’ of “nadī” is substituted by ‘jjo’ and ‘jjā’ together with the inflections.

1. Najjo = nadī + yo (‘dī’ together with the inflection ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘jjo’ (§98)).

1. Purisamhā = purisa + smā (‘smā’ is substituted by ‘mhā’ (§99)).
2. Purisebhi = purisa + hi (‘hi’ is substituted by ‘bhi’ (§99); ‘a’ of “purisa” becomes ‘e’ (§101)).
3. Purisamhi = purisa + smiṃ (‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘mhi’ (§99)).

What is the purpose of saying “of ‘smā’, ‘hi’ and ‘smiṃ’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘smā’, ‘hi’ or ‘smiṃ’, such as in] vaṇṇavantaṃ agandhakaṃ viruḷhapupphaṃ, mahantaṃ chattaṃ mahāchattaṃ, mahantaṃ dhajaṃ mahādhajaṃ.

1. Asmā = ta + smā (‘ta’ becomes ‘a’ (§176); ‘smā’ does not become ‘mhā’ (§100)).
2. Asmiṃ = ta + smiṃ (‘ta’ becomes ‘a’ (§176); ‘smiṃ’ does not become ‘mhi’ (§100)).25Note: “asmā” and “asmiṃ” can also be formed from “ima”. In that case §177 · Imasaddassa ca — And of the [base] “ima”.">§177 applies.

1. Asmā = ima + smā (“ima” becomes ‘a’ (§177); ‘smā’ does not become ‘mhā’ (§100)).
2. Asmiṃ = ima + smiṃ (“ima” becomes ‘a’ (§177); ‘smiṃ’ does not become ‘mhi’ (§100)).

What is the purpose of saying “become ‘a’”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘ta’ and ‘ima’ do not become ‘a’, such as in] tamhā, tamhi, imamhā, imamhi.

1. Sabbesu = sabba + su (‘a’ becomes ‘e’ (§101)).
2. Sabbehi = sabba + hi (‘a’ becomes ‘e’ (§101)).
3. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

1. Sabbesaṃ = sabba + naṃ (‘a’ becomes ‘e’ (§102); ‘naṃ’ is substituted by ‘saṃ’ (§168)).
2. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “of [all the] pronouns”? [This sutta does not apply when there are no pronouns, such as in] “Buddhānaṃ Bhagavantānaṃ āciṇṇasamāciṇṇo”.

What is the purpose of saying “the letter ‘a’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘a’, such as in] amūsaṃ, amūsānaṃ.

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘naṃ’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘naṃ’ does not follow, such as in] sabbe, ime.

Sabbe = sabba + yo (here ‘a’ does not become ‘e’; rather, ‘yo’ becomes ‘e’ by §164).

“Ca” is for dragging.26Here “ca” brings the procedure of changing ‘a’ into ‘e’ from the previous sutta.

1. Sabbena = sabba + nā (‘nā’ is substituted by ‘ena’ (§103); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).
2. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “after ‘a’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘a’, such as in] muninā, amunā, bhikkhunā.

What is the purpose of saying ‘nā’? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘nā’, such as in] tasmā.

1. Sabbo = sabba + si (‘si’ is substituted by ‘o’ (§104); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).
2. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying ‘si’? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘si’, such as in] purisānaṃ.

What is the purpose of saying “after ‘a’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘a’, such as in] sayambhū.

1. Atthaso = attha + nā (‘nā’ is substituted by ‘so’ (§105)).
2. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “optionally”? [This sutta does not always apply, such as in] “Pādena vā pādārahena vā atirekapādena vā yo bhikkhu theyyacittena parassa bhaṇḍaṃ gaṇhāti, so bhikkhu pārājiko hoti asaṃvāso”. Translation: whatever bhikkhu, with the intention of stealing, takes the property of another –whether a quarter of a pāda [coin], or the equivalent of a quarter of a pāda, or more than a quarter of a pāda– that bhikkhu is one who has committed an offence entailing expulsion and can no longer live in communion.

1. Dīghaso = dīgha + smā (‘smā’ is substituted by ‘so’ (§106)).
2. Oraso = ora + smā (‘smā’ is substituted by ‘so’ (§106)).

What is the purpose of saying “after ‘dīgha’ and ‘ora’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no “dīgha” or “ora”, such as in] saramhā, vacanamhā.

1. Purisā = purisa + yo (‘yo’ is substituted by ‘ā’ (§107); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).
2. Purise = purisa + ni (‘ni’ is substituted by ‘e’ (§107); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).
3. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “optionally”? [This sutta does not always apply, such as in] aggayo, munayo, isayo.

What is the purpose of saying “of ‘yo’ and ‘ni’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘yo’ or ‘ni’, such as in] purisassa, rūpassa.

What is the purpose of saying “after the letter ‘a’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘a’, such as in] daṇḍino, aṭṭhīni, aggī, pajjalanti, munī caranti.

1. Purisā = purisa + smā (‘smā’ is substituted by ‘ā’ (§108); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).
2. Purise = purisa + smiṃ (‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘e’ (§108); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).

What is the purpose of saying “after the letter ‘a’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘a’, such as in] daṇḍinā, daṇḍismiṃ; bhikkhunā, bhikkhusmiṃ.

1. Atthāya = attha + sa (‘sa’ is substituted by ‘āya’ (§109); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).

What is the purpose of saying “after ‘a’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘a’, such as in] isissa.

What is the purpose of saying “the fourth [inflection]”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no fourth inflection, such as in] purisassa mukhaṃ.

What is the purpose of saying “of the singular”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no singular, such as in] purisānaṃ dadāti.

What is the purpose of saying “optionally”? [This sutta does not always apply, such as in] “Dātā hoti samaṇassa vā brāhmaṇassa vā”.

By taking ‘tu’, there is also substitution by ‘atthaṃ’.

1. Atthatthaṃ27For the benefit. = attha + sa (by ‘tu’ of this sutta, ‘sa’ is substituted by ‘atthaṃ’ (§109); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).
2. Hitatthaṃ28For the welfare. = hita + sa (by ‘tu’ of this sutta, ‘sa’ is substituted by ‘atthaṃ’ (§109); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).
3. Sukhatthaṃ29For the happiness. = sukha + sa (by ‘tu’ of this sutta, ‘sa’ is substituted by ‘atthaṃ’ (§109); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).

1. Sabbasmā = sabba + smā (‘smā’ is not substituted by ‘ā’ (§110)).
2. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “after pronouns”? [This sutta does not apply when there are no pronouns, such as in] pāpā, pāpe, pāpāya.

“Ca” is for dragging.

1. Kaññāya = kaññā + nā (‘ā’ of “kaññā” is named ‘gha’ (§60); ‘nā’ is substituted by ‘āya’ (§111); ‘ā’ is elided (§83)).
2. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “after ‘gha’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘gha’, such as in] rattiyā, itthiyā, dhenuyā, vadhuyā.

What is the purpose of saying “‘nā’, etc.”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘nā’, etc., such as in] kaññaṃ passati; vijjaṃ, vīṇaṃ, gaṅgaṃ.

What is the purpose of saying “singular”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no singular, such as in] sabbāsu, yāsu, tāsu, kāsu, imāsu, pabhāsu.

1. Rattiyā = ratti + nā (‘i’ of “ratti” is named ‘pa’ (§59); ‘nā’ is substituted by ‘yā’ (§112)).
2. Dhenuyā = dhenu + nā (‘u’ of “dhenu” is named ‘pa’ (§59); ‘nā’ is substituted by ‘yā’ (§112)).
3. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “of those beginning with ‘nā’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘nā’, etc., such as in] rattī, rattiṃ; itthī, itthiṃ.

What is the purpose of saying “after ‘pa’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘pa’, such as in] kaññāya, vīṇāya, gaṅgāya, pabhāya, sobhāya.

What is the purpose of saying “singular”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no singular, such as in] rattīnaṃ, itthīnaṃ.

1. Sakha = sakha + si (‘si’ is named ‘ga’ (§57); ‘ga’ is substituted by ‘a’ (§113); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).
2. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

1. Ayye = ayyā + si (‘ā’ is named ‘gha’ (§60); ‘si’ is named ‘ga’ (§57); ‘ga’ is substituted by ‘e’ (§114); ‘ā’ is elided (§83)).
2. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

“Ca” is for delimiting (avadhāraṇa). [Here the meaning is] fixity (sanniṭṭhāna).

1. Ammā = ammā + si (‘si’ is named ‘ga’ (§57) and is elided (§220); here ‘ga’ is not substituted by ‘e’ because there is “ammā” (§115)).
2. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “after ‘ammā’, etc.”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no “ammā”, etc., such as in] bhoti kaññe.

1. Bhikkhave = bhikkhu + yo (‘u’ is named ‘la’ (§58); ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘ve’ (§116); ‘u’, which has not been shortened, becomes ‘a’ (§97)).
2. Bhikkhavo = bhikkhu + yo (‘u’ is named ‘la’ (§58); ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘vo’ (§116); ‘u’, which has not been shortened, becomes ‘a’ (§97)).
3. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “not shortened”? [This sutta does not apply when it has been shortened, such as in] sayambhuvo.

1. Sayambhuvo = sayambhū + yo (‘u’ is named ‘la’ (§58); ‘ū’ is shortened (§84); since ‘ū’ has been shortened, this sutta does not operate; ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘vo’ (§119)).

What is the purpose of saying “after ‘la’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘la’, such as in] nāgiyo, dhenuyo, yāguyo.

What is the purpose of saying “of the vocative”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no vocative, such as in] te hetavo, te bhikkhavo.

1. Aggino = aggi + sa (‘i’ is named ‘jha’ (§58); ‘sa’ is substituted by ‘no’ (§117)).
2. Bhikkhuno = bhikkhu + sa (‘u’ is named ‘la’ (§58); ‘sa’ is substituted by ‘no’ (§117)).
3. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “of ‘sa’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘sa’, such as in] isinā, bhikkhunā.

What is the purpose of saying “after ‘jha’ and ‘la’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘jha’ or ‘la’, such as in] purisassa.

1. Kaññā = kaññā + yo (‘ā’ is named ‘gha’ (§60); ‘yo’ is elided (§118)).
2. Rattī = ratti + yo (‘i’ is named ‘pa’ (§59); ‘yo’ is elided (§118); ‘i’ is lengthened (§88)).
3. Itthī = itthī + yo (‘ī’ is named ‘pa’ (§59); ‘yo’ is elided (§118)).
4. Yāgū = yāgu + yo (‘u’ is named ‘pa’ (§59); ‘yo’ is elided (§118); ‘u’ is lengthened (§88)).
5. Vadhū = vadhū + yo (‘ū’ is named ‘pa’ (§59); ‘yo’ is elided (§118)).

“Ca” is for dragging.

1. Bhikkhavo = bhikkhu + yo (‘u’ is named ‘la’ (§58); ‘u’ becomes ‘a’ (§97); ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘vo’ (§119)).

What is the purpose of taking “kāra” [in the sutta]? ‘Yo’ is also substituted by ‘no’.

1. Jantuno = jantu + sa (‘u’ is named ‘la’ (§58); ‘sa’ is substituted by ‘no’ (§117)).

“Ca” is for preventing the operation in the following cases: Amū purisā tiṭṭhanti. Amū purise passatha.

1. Amū = amu + yo (‘u’ is named ‘la’ (§58); by “ca”, ‘yo’ is not substituted by ‘no’ (§119); ‘yo’ is elided (§118); ‘u’ is lengthened (§88)).

1. Mamaṃ = amha + sa (“amha” together with the inflection ‘sa’ is substituted by “mamaṃ” (§120)).

1. Mayaṃ = amha + yo (“amha” together with the inflection ‘yo’ is substituted by “mayaṃ” (§121)).

What is the purpose of saying “of ‘amha’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘amha’, such as in] purisā tiṭṭhanti.

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘yo’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘yo’ does not follow, such as in] ahaṃ gacchāmi.

What is the purpose of saying “the first [inflection]”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘yo’ is not the first inflection, such as in] amhākaṃ passasi tvaṃ.

1. Guṇavanto = guṇavantu + yo (‘ntu’ together with the inflection ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘nto’ (§122)).

What is the purpose of saying “of ‘ntu’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘ntu’, such as in] sabbe sattā gacchanti.

What is the purpose of saying “the first [inflection]”? [This sutta does not apply when it is not the first inflection, such as in] guṇavante passanti janā.

1. Sīlavantassa = sīlavantu + sa (‘ntu’ together with the inflection ‘sa’ is substituted by ‘ntassa’ (§123)).

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘sa’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘sa’ does not follow, such as in] sīlavā tiṭṭhati.

1. Guṇavā = guṇavantu + si (‘ntu’ together with the inflection ‘si’ is substituted by ‘ā’ (§124); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).
2. Satimā = satimantu + si (‘ntu’ together with the inflection ‘si’ is substituted by ‘ā’ (§124); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).
3. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “of ‘ntu’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘ntu’, such as in] puriso tiṭṭhati.

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘si’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘si’ does not follow, such as in] sīlavanto tiṭṭhanti.

1. Guṇavaṃ = guṇavantu + si (‘ntu’ together with the inflection ‘si’ is substituted by ‘aṃ’ (§125); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘si’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘si’ does not follow, such as in] vaṇṇavantaṃ agandhakaṃ virūḷhapupphaṃ passasi tvaṃ.

1. Guṇavaṃ = guṇavantu + si (‘si’ is named ‘ga’ (§57); ‘ntu’ together with the inflection ‘si’ is substituted by ‘aṃ’ (§126); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).
2. Guṇava = guṇavantu + si (‘si’ is named ‘ga’ (§57); ‘ntu’ together with the inflection ‘si’ is substituted by ‘a’ (§126); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).
3. Guṇavā = guṇavantu + si (‘si’ is named ‘ga’ (§57); ‘ntu’ together with the inflection ‘si’ is substituted by ‘ā’ (§126); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).

“Ca” is for dragging.

1. Guṇavato = guṇavantu + sa (‘ntu’ together with the inflection ‘sa’ is substituted by ‘to’ (§127)).
2. Guṇavati = guṇavantu + smiṃ (‘ntu’ together with the inflection ‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘ti’ (§127)).
3. Guṇavatā = guṇavantu + nā (‘ntu’ together with the inflection ‘nā’ is substituted by ‘tā’ (§127)).
4. Satimato = satimantu + sa (‘ntu’ together with the inflection ‘sa’ is substituted by ‘to’ (§127)).
5. Satimati = satimantu + smiṃ (‘ntu’ together with the inflection ‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘ti’ (§127)).
6. Satimatā = satimantu + nā (‘ntu’ together with the inflection ‘nā’ is substituted by ‘tā’ (§127)).

What is the purpose of saying “when these follow”? [This sutta does not apply when these do not follow, such as in] guṇavā, satimā.

1. Guṇavataṃ = guṇavantu + naṃ (‘ntu’ together with the inflection ‘naṃ’ is substituted by ‘taṃ’ (§128)).
2. Satimataṃ = satimantu + naṃ (‘ntu’ together with the inflection ‘naṃ’ is substituted by ‘taṃ’ (§128)).

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘naṃ’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘naṃ’ does not follow, such as in] guṇavanto tiṭṭhanti, satimanto tiṭṭhanti.

1. Idaṃ = ima + aṃ (“ima” together with the inflection ‘aṃ’ is substituted by “idaṃ” (§129)).

What is the purpose of saying “in the neuter”? [This sutta does not apply when it is not neuter, such as in] imaṃ purisaṃ passasi; ayaṃ puriso tiṭṭhati.

1. Aduṃ = amu + aṃ (“amu” together with the inflection ‘aṃ’ is substituted by “aduṃ” (§130)).

What is the purpose of saying “in the neuter”? [This sutta does not apply when it is not neuter, such as in] amuṃ rājānaṃ passasi; asu rājā tiṭṭhati.

1. Dve = dvi + yo (“dvi” together with the inflection ‘yo’ is substituted by “dve” (§132)).

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘yo’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘yo’ does not follow, such as in] dvīsu.

By taking “ca”, when ‘yo’, ‘nā’, ‘aṃ’ and ‘naṃ’ follow, there are also the substitutions by “duve”, “dvaya”, “ubha”, “ubhaya” and “duvi”.

1. Duve samaṇā, duve brāhmaṇā, duve janā.
2. Dvayena, dvayaṃ.
3. Ubhinnaṃ.
4. Ubhayesaṃ, duvinnaṃ.

1. Tisso = ti + yo (“ti”, which is feminine, together with the inflection ‘yo’ is substituted by “tisso” (§133)).
2. Catasso = catu + yo (“catu”, which is feminine, together with the inflection ‘yo’ is substituted by “catasso” (§133)).
3. Tayo = ti + yo (“ti”, which is masculine, together with the inflection ‘yo’ is substituted by “tayo” (§133)).
4. Cattāro = catu + yo (“catu”, which is masculine, together with the inflection ‘yo’ is substituted by “cattāro” (§133)).
5. Tīṇi = ti + yo (“ti”, which is neuter, together with the inflection ‘yo’ is substituted by “tīṇi” (§133)).
6. Cattāri = catu + yo (“catu”, which is neuter, together with the inflection ‘yo’ is substituted by “cattāri” (§133)).

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘yo’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘yo’ does not follow, such as in] tīsu, catūsu.

1. Pañca = pañca + yo (‘a’ of “pañca” together with the inflection ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘a’ (§134)).
2. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “of the numerals ‘pañca’, etc.”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no “pañca”, etc., such as in] dve, tayo.

1. Rañño = rāja + sa (“rāja” together with the inflection ‘sa’ is substituted by “rañño” (§135)).
2. Rājino = rāja + sa (“rāja” together with the inflection ‘sa’ is substituted by “rājino” (§135)).

What is the purpose of saying “when the inflection ‘sa’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘sa’ does not follow, such as in] raññā.

1. Raññaṃ = rāja + naṃ (“rāja” together with the inflection ‘naṃ’ is substituted by “raññaṃ” (§136)).

1. Raññā = rāja + nā (“rāja” together with the inflection ‘nā’ is substituted by “raññā” (§137)).

What is the purpose of saying “when the inflection ‘nā’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘nā’ does not follow, such as in] rañño santakaṃ.

1. Raññe = rāja + smiṃ (“rāja” together with the inflection ‘smiṃ’ is substituted by “raññe” (§138)).
2. Rājini = rāja + smiṃ (“rāja” together with the inflection ‘smiṃ’ is substituted by “rājini” (§138)).

1. Tayi = tumha + smiṃ (“tumha” together with the inflection ‘smiṃ’ is substituted by “tayi” (§139)).
2. Mayi = amha + smiṃ (“amha” together with the inflection ‘smiṃ’ is substituted by “mayi” (§139)).

What is the purpose of saying “when the inflection ‘smiṃ’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘smiṃ’ does not follow, such as in] tvaṃ bhavasi, ahaṃ bhavāmi.

1. Tvaṃ = tumha + si (“tumha” together with the inflection ‘si’ is substituted by “tvaṃ” (§140)).
2. Ahaṃ = amha + si (“amha” together with the inflection ‘si’ is substituted by “ahaṃ” (§140)).

What is the purpose of saying “when the inflection ‘si’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘si’ does not follow, such as in] tayi, mayi.

By taking “ca”, there is also the substitution by “tuvaṃ”.

1. Tuvaṃ = tumha + si (“tumha” together with the inflection ‘si’ is substituted by “tuvaṃ” (§140)).

1. Tava = tumha + sa (“tumha” together with the inflection ‘sa’ is substituted by “tava” (§141)).
2. Mama = amha + sa (“amha” together with the inflection ‘sa’ is substituted by “mama” (§141)).

What is the purpose of saying “when the inflection ‘sa’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘sa’ does not follow, such as in] tayi, mayi.

1. Tuyhaṃ = tumha + sa (“tumha” together with the inflection ‘sa’ is substituted by “tuyhaṃ” (§142)).
2. Mayhaṃ = amha + sa (“amha” together with the inflection ‘sa’ is substituted by “mayhaṃ” (§142)).

What is the purpose of saying “when the inflection ‘sa’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘sa’ does not follow, such as in] tayā, mayā.

1. Taṃ = tumha + aṃ (“tumha” together with the inflection ‘aṃ’ is substituted by “taṃ” (§143)).
2. Maṃ = amha + aṃ (“amha” together with the inflection ‘aṃ’ is substituted by “maṃ” (§143)).

What is the purpose of saying “when the inflection ‘aṃ’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘aṃ’ does not follow, such as in] tayā, mayā.

1. Tavaṃ = tumha + aṃ (“tumha” together with the inflection ‘aṃ’ is substituted by “tavaṃ” (§144)).
2. Mamaṃ = amha + aṃ (“amha” together with the inflection ‘aṃ’ is substituted by “mamaṃ” (§144)).

What is the purpose of saying “occasionally”? [To exclude the cases in which this rule does not apply, such as in] taṃ, maṃ passati.

“Ca” is for dragging.33To bring the word “aṃmhi” from the previous sutta.

1. Tayā = tumha + nā (“tumha” together with the inflection ‘nā’ is substituted by “tayā” (§145)).
2. Mayā = amha + nā (“amha” together with the inflection ‘nā’ is substituted by “mayā” (§145)).

What is the purpose of saying “when the inflection ‘nā’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘nā’ does not follow, such as in] tumhehi, amhehi.

1. Tuvaṃ = tumha + aṃ (“tumha” together with the inflection ‘aṃ’ is substituted by “tuvaṃ” (§146)).
2. Tvaṃ = tumha + aṃ (“tumha” together with the inflection ‘aṃ’ is substituted by “tvaṃ” (§146)).

1. Vo = tumha + yo (“tumha” together with the second plural inflection ‘yo’ is substituted by “vo” (§147)).
2. No = amha + yo (“amha” together with the second plural inflection ‘yo’ is substituted by “no” (§147)).

“Pahāya vo bhikkhave gamissāmi” (having left you, O bhikkhus, I will go).

“Mā no ajja vikantiṃsu rañño sūdā mahānase” (may the king's cooks not cut us up today in the royal kitchen).

1. Vo = tumha + naṃ (“tumha” together with the fourth plural inflection ‘naṃ’ is substituted by “vo” (§147)).
2. No = amha + naṃ (“amha” together with the fourth plural inflection ‘naṃ’ is substituted by “no” (§147)).

“Dhammaṃ vo bhikkhave desessāmi” (O bhikkhus, I will teach you the Dhamma).

“Saṃvibhajetha no rajjena” (share the kingdom with us).

1. Vo = tumha + naṃ (“tumha” together with the sixth plural inflection ‘naṃ’ is substituted by “vo” (§147)).
2. No = amha + naṃ (“amha” together with the sixth plural inflection ‘naṃ’ is substituted by “no” (§147)).

“Tuṭṭho ’smi vo bhikkhave pakatiyā” (O bhikkhus, I am satisfied with your nature).

“Satthā no Bhagavā anuppatto” (the Blessed One, our Teacher, has arrived).

What is the purpose of saying “occasionally”? [This sutta does not always apply, such as in] eso amhākaṃ satthā.

What is the purpose of saying “of ‘tumha’ and ‘amha’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no “tumha” or “amha”, such as in] ete isayo passasi.

What is the purpose of saying “after a word”? [This sutta does not apply when they do not come after a word, such as in] tumhākaṃ satthā.

What is the purpose of saying “when the second, fourth and sixth [inflections] follow”? [This sutta does not apply when these inflections do not follow, such as in] gacchatha tumhe.

1. Te = tumha + sa (“tumha” together with the fourth singular inflection ‘sa’ is substituted by “te” (§148)).
2. Me = amha + sa (“amha” together with the fourth singular inflection ‘sa’ is substituted by “me” (§148)).

“Dadāmi te gāmavarāni pañca” (I give you five villages as a reward).

“Dadāhi me gāmavaraṃ” (give me a village as a reward).

“Idaṃ te raṭṭhaṃ” (this is your kingdom).

“Ayaṃ me putto” (this is my son).

What is the purpose of saying “after a word”? [This sutta does not apply when they do not come after a word, such as in] tava ñāti, mama ñāti.

1. Taṃ = tumha + aṃ (here “tumha” together with the inflection ‘aṃ’ is not substituted by “te”, but by “taṃ” (§143)).
2. Maṃ = amha + aṃ (here “amha” together with the inflection ‘aṃ’ is not substituted by “me”, but by “maṃ” (§143)).

“Passeyya taṃ vassasataṃ arogaṃ” (may you see him in health for a hundred years).

“So maṃ bravīti” (he speaks to me).

1. Te = tumha + nā (“tumha” together with the third singular inflection ‘nā’ is substituted by “te” (§150)).
2. Me = amha + nā (“amha” together with the third singular inflection ‘nā’ is substituted by “me” (§150)).

“Kataṃ te pāpaṃ” (the evil done by you).

“Kataṃ me pāpaṃ” (the evil done by me).

What is the purpose of saying “after a word”? [This sutta does not apply when they do not come after a word, such as in] tayā kataṃ, mayā kataṃ.

1. Vo = tumha + hi (“tumha” together with the third plural inflection ‘hi’ is substituted by “vo” (§151)).
2. No = amha + hi (“amha” together with the third plural inflection ‘hi’ is substituted by “no” (§151)).

“Kataṃ vo kammaṃ” (the action done by you).

“Kataṃ no kammaṃ” (the action done by us).

1. Pumā = puma + si (‘a’ of “puma” together with the inflection ‘si’ is substituted by ‘ā’ (§152)).

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘si’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘si’ does not follow, such as in] pumāno tiṭṭhanti.

1. Pumāno = puma + yo (‘a’ of “puma” together with ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘āno’ (§155)).

By taking “anta”, the end vowel of “maghava”, “yuva”, etc., together with the inflections is also substituted by ‘ā’.

1. Maghavā = maghava + si (‘a’ of “maghava” together with the inflection ‘si’ is substituted by ‘ā’ (§152)).
2. Yuvā = yuva + si (‘a’ of “yuva” together with the inflection ‘si’ is substituted by ‘ā’ (§152)).

1. Pumaṃ = puma + si (‘a’ of “puma” together with the inflection ‘si’ is substituted by ‘aṃ’ (§153)).

What is the purpose of saying “when the vocative follows”? [This sutta does not apply when it is not vocative, such as in] pumā.

What is the purpose of saying “when the singular follows”? [This sutta does not apply when it is not singular, such as in] he pumāno.

1. Itthipumannapuṃsakāni = itthī ca pumā ca napuṃsakaṃ ca (‘ā’ of “puma” is substituted by ‘aṃ’ (§154); ‘ṃ’ is substituted by ‘n’ (§31)).

What is the purpose of saying “facultatively”? [This sutta does not always apply, such as in] itthipumanapuṃsakāni.

1. Pumāno = puma + yo (‘a’ of “puma” together with ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘āno’ (§155)).
2. He pumāno = puma + yo (vocative plural; ‘a’ of “puma” together with ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘āno’ (§155)).

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘yo’ follow”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘yo’ does not follow, such as in] pumā.

1. Pumāne = puma + smiṃ (‘a’ of “puma” together with the inflection ‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘āne’ (§156)).

1. Pumānehi = puma + hi (‘a’ of “puma” is substituted by ‘āne’ (§157)).

What is the purpose of taking “vibhatti” again? To prevent the inclusion of “savibhatti”35This means that, unlike the previous suttas, in this sutta only the end vowel of “puma” is substituted. in this sutta. Example: pumānehi.

By taking “ca”, when the inflections ‘si’, ‘yo’, ‘aṃ’ and ‘yo’ follow, the end vowel of “maghava”, “yuva”, etc., is substituted by ‘āna’. And when the inflections ‘sa’ and ‘smā’ follow, the [end] vowel of “puma”, “kamma” and “thāma” is substituted by the letter ‘u’.

1. Maghavāno = maghava + si (by “ca”, ‘a’ of “maghava” is substituted by ‘āna’ (§157); ‘si’ is substituted by ‘o’ (§104); ‘a’ of ‘āna’ is elided (§83)).
2. Maghavānā = maghava + yo (by “ca”, ‘a’ of “maghava” is substituted by ‘āna’ (§157); ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘ā’ (§107); ‘a’ of ‘āna’ is elided (§83)).
3. Maghavānaṃ = maghava + aṃ (by “ca”, ‘a’ of “maghava” is substituted by ‘āna’ (§157); ‘a’ of ‘āna’ is elided (§83)).
4. Maghavāne = maghava + yo (by “ca”, ‘a’ of “maghava” is substituted by ‘āna’ (§157); ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘e’ (§107); ‘a’ of ‘āna’ is elided (§83)).
5. The formation of yuvāno, yuvānā, yuvānaṃ, yuvāne is similar to the previous one.
6. Pumuno = puma + sa (by “ca”, ‘a’ of “puma” is substituted by ‘u’ (§157); ‘u’ is named ‘la’ (§58); ‘sa’ is substituted by ‘no’ (§117)).
7. Pumunā = puma + smā (by “ca”, ‘a’ of “puma” is substituted by ‘u’ (§157); ‘u’ is named ‘la’ (§58); ‘smā’ is substituted by ‘nā’ (§215)).
8. The formation of kammuno, kammunā, thāmuno, thāmunā is similar to the previous one.

1. Pumāsu = puma + su (‘a’ of “puma” is substituted by ‘ā’ (§158)).
2. Pumesu36This is the normal form. = puma + su (‘a’ of “puma” is substituted by ‘e’ (§101)).

1. Pumānā = puma + nā (‘a’ of “puma” is substituted by ‘ā’ (§159)).
2. Pumunā = puma + nā (‘a’ of “puma” is substituted by ‘u’ (§159)).

The taking of “ca” is for dragging.37It is for the dragging of ‘ā’. ‘U’ is the primary substitution of this sutta; ‘ā’ is dragged from the previous sutta.

1. Kammunā = kamma + nā (‘a’ of “kamma” is substituted by ‘u’ (§160)).
2. Kammanā = kamma + nā (‘a’ of “kamma” is substituted by ‘a’ (§160)).

By taking “ca”, sometimes, when the inflections ‘nā’ and ‘su’ follow, the end vowel of “maghava”, “yuva”, etc., is substituted by ‘ā’.

1. Maghavānā = maghava + nā (by “ca”, ‘a’ of “maghava” is substituted by ‘ā’ (§160)).

1. Tumhākaṃ = tumha + naṃ (‘naṃ’ is substituted by ‘ākaṃ’ (§161); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).

What is the purpose of saying “naṃ”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘naṃ’, such as in:] Tumhehi, amhehi.

1. Tumhākaṃ = tumha + yo (‘yo’ is substituted by ‘ākaṃ’ (§162); ‘a’ of “tumha” is elided (§83)).
2. Amhākaṃ = amha + yo (‘yo’ is substituted by ‘ākaṃ’ (§162); ‘a’ of “amha” is elided (§83)).

What is the purpose of saying “yo”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘yo’, such as in:] Tumhehi, amhehi.

What is the purpose of saying “which is not the first [inflection]”? [This sutta does not apply when it is the first inflection, such as in:] Gacchatha tumhe, gacchāma mayaṃ.

By ‘vā’, as an alternative, ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘aṃ’ or ‘ānaṃ’.

1. Tumhaṃ = tumha + yo (‘yo’ is substituted by ‘aṃ’ (§162); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).
2. Tumhānaṃ = tumha + yo (‘yo’ is substituted by ‘ānaṃ’ (§162); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).

1. Tumhaṃ = tumha + sa (‘sa’ is substituted by ‘aṃ’ (§163); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).

What is the purpose of saying “of ‘sa’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘sa’, such as in:] Tumhesu, amhesu.

1. Sabbe = sabba + yo (‘yo’ becomes ‘e’ (§164); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).
2. Ye = ya + yo (‘yo’ becomes ‘e’ (§164); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).
3. Te = ta + yo (‘yo’ is substituted by ‘e’ (§164); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).

What is the purpose of saying “all the pronouns”? [This sutta does not apply when there are no pronouns, such as in:] Devā, asurā, nāgā, gandhabbā, manussā.

What is the purpose of saying “after the letter ‘a’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘a’, such as in:] Amū purisā tiṭṭhanti.

What is the purpose of saying “[the first inflection] ‘yo’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘yo’, such as in:] Sabbo, yo, so, ko, ayaṃ.

The taking of “paṭhama” is for the purpose of the following sutta.

1. Katarakatame = katarakatama + yo (‘yo’, which is the first inflection, becomes ‘e’ (§165); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).

What is the purpose of saying “pronouns”? [This sutta does not apply when there are no pronouns, such as in:] Devā-sura-nāga-gandhabba-manussā.

What is the purpose of saying “in a copulative compound”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no copulative compound, such as in:] Te, sabbe.