Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 2 of 8

§221

Sabbāsam āvuso-’pasagga-nipātādīhi ca

And after “āvuso”, the prefixes, the particles, etc., [there is elision] of all.

Text and translation

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221. 282. Sabbāsam āvuso-’pasagga-nipātādīhi ca (448)

[Sabbāsaṃ + āvuso-upasagga-nipāta-ādīhi + ca = 3 words]

Sabbāsaṃ vibhattīnaṃ ekavacanabahuvacanānaṃ paṭhamā-dutiyā-tatiyā-catutthī-pañcamī-chaṭṭhī-sattamīnaṃ lopo hoti āvuso upasagga nipāta icc evamādīhi ca.

Tvaṃ pan’ āvuso (Vin. ii, 1); tumhe pan’ āvuso (Vin. ii, 161); padaso dhammaṃ vāceyya (Vin. ii, 25); vihāraṃ sve upagaccheyya. Pa, parā, ni, nī, u, du, saṃ, vi, ava, anu, pari, adhi, abhi, pati, su, ā, ati, api, apa, upa. Pahāro, parābhavo, nihāro, nīhāro, uhāro, duhāro, saṃhāro, vihāro, avahāro, anuhāro, parihāro, adhihāro, abhihāro, patihāro, suhāro, āhāro, atihāro, apihāro, apahāro, upahāro. Evaṃ vīsati upasaggehi ca, yathā, tathā, evaṃ, khalu, kho, tatra, atho, atha, hi, tu, ca, vā, vo, haṃ, ahaṃ, alaṃ, eva, ho, aho, he, ahe, re, are. Evamādīhi nipātehi ca yojetabbāni.

Caggahaṇam avadhāraṇatthaṃ.

And after “āvuso”, the prefixes, the particles, etc., [there is elision] of all.
After “āvuso”, the prefixes, the particles, etc., all the inflections, singular and plural, are elided, namely: first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh.
Examples
  1. Tvaṃ pan’ āvuso (and you, friend?)
  2. Tumhe pan’ āvuso (and you, friends?)
  3. Padaso dhammaṃ vāceyya (he should have the Dhamma recited word by word)
  4. Vihāraṃ sve upagaccheyya (he should approach the monastery tomorrow).
  5. Āvuso = āvuso + si (‘si’ is elided (§221)).

The twenty prefixes are the following: pa, parā, ni, nī, u, du, saṃ, vi, ava, anu, pari, adhi, abhi, pati, su, ā, ati, api, apa, upa. [Examples:] Pahāro, parābhavo, nihāro, nīhāro, uhāro, duhāro, saṃhāro, vihāro, avahāro, anuhāro, parihāro, adhihāro, abhihāro, patihāro, suhāro, āhāro, atihāro, apihāro, apahāro, upahāro.

Thus with the twenty prefixes; and they should be employed [likewise] with the particles yathā, tathā, evaṃ, khalu, kho, tatra, atho, atha, hi, tu, ca, vā, vo, haṃ, ahaṃ, alaṃ, eva, ho, aho, he, ahe, re, are, etc.

The taking of “ca” is for restricting [the scope of this sutta].

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.