Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 2 of 8

§82

Aṃ-mo niggahitaṃ jha-la-pehi

After ‘jha’, ‘la’ and ‘pa’, niggahita [of] ‘aṃ’ and ‘ma’.

Text and translation

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82. 149. Aṃ-mo niggahitaṃ jha-la-pehi (235)

[Aṃ-mo + niggahitaṃ + jha-la-pehi = 3 words]

Aṃvacanassa, makārassa ca jha la pa icc etehi niggahitaṃ hoti.

Aggiṃ, isiṃ, gahapatiṃ, daṇḍiṃ, mahesiṃ, bhikkhuṃ, paṭuṃ, sayambhuṃ, abhibhuṃ, rattiṃ, itthiṃ, vadhuṃ, pulliṅgaṃ, pumbhāvo, puṅkokilo.

Aṃ-mo ti kimatthaṃ? Agginā, pāṇinā, bhikkhunā, rattiyā, itthiyā, vadhuyā.

Jha-la-pehī ti kimatthaṃ? Sukhaṃ, dukkhaṃ.

Pun’ ārambhaggahaṇaṃ vibhāsanivattanatthaṃ. Aggiṃ, paṭuṃ, buddhiṃ, vadhuṃ.

After ‘jha’, ‘la’ and ‘pa’, niggahita [of] ‘aṃ’ and ‘ma’.
After ‘jha’, ‘la’ and ‘pa’, ‘aṃ’ and ‘ma’ become niggahita (ṃ).
  1. Aggiṃ = aggi + aṃ (‘i’ of “aggi” is named ‘jha’ (§58); ‘aṃ’ becomes ‘ṃ’ (§82)).
  2. Rattiṃ = ratti + aṃ (‘i’ of “ratti” is named ‘pa’ (§59); ‘aṃ’ becomes ‘ṃ’ (§82)).
  3. Pulliṅgaṃ = puma + liṅgaṃ (‘ma’ of “puma” becomes ‘ṃ’ (§82); ‘ṃ’ becomes ‘l’ (§31); ‘l’ is doubled (§28)).

What is the purpose of saying “‘aṃ’ and ‘ma’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘aṃ’ or ‘ma’, such as in] agginā, pāṇinā, bhikkhunā, rattiyā, itthiyā, vadhuyā.

What is the purpose of saying “after ‘jha’, ‘la’ and ‘pa’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘jha’, ‘la’ or ‘pa’, such as in] sukhaṃ, dukkhaṃ.

Taking again “jha-la-pehi” is to prevent “vā” from following up to here. Examples: aggiṃ, paṭuṃ, buddhiṃ, vadhuṃ.

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.