Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 2 of 8

§81

Su-hi-nāsu ca

And when ‘su’, ‘hi’ and ‘nā’ follow.

Text and translation

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81. 172. Su-hi-nāsu ca (231-2)

[Su-hi-nāsu + ca = 2 words]

Su hi nā icc etesu sabbassa gosaddassa goṇādeso hoti vā.

Goṇesu, goṇehi, goṇebhi, goṇena.

Vā ti kimatthaṃ? Gosu, gohi, gobhi, gavena.

Caggahaṇena syādisesesu pubbuttaravacanesu pi goṇa-gu-gavayādesā honti. Goṇo, goṇā, goṇaṃ, goṇe, goṇassa, goṇamhā. Goṇamhi, gunnaṃ, gavayehi, gavayebhi.

And when ‘su’, ‘hi’ and ‘nā’ follow.
Optionally, when ‘su’, ‘hi’ and ‘nā’ follow, the whole word “go” is substituted by “goṇa”.
Example
  1. Goṇesu = go + su (“go” is substituted by “goṇa” (§81); ‘a’ of “goṇa” is substituted by ‘e’ (§101)).

What is the purpose of saying “optionally”? [This sutta does not apply in] gosu, gohi, gobhi, gavena.

And by taking “ca”, when the remaining inflections, ‘si’ and others, mentioned before and after, follow, there are also the substitutions by “goṇa”, “gu” and “gavaya”.

Examples
  1. Goṇo = go + si (‘si’ is substituted by ‘o’ (§104); “go” is substituted by “goṇa” (§81); ‘a’ of “goṇa” is elided (§12)).
  2. Gunnaṃ = go + naṃ (“go” is substituted by “gu” (§81); ‘n’ is inserted (§28)).
  3. Gavayehi = go + hi (“go” is substituted by “gavaya” (§81); ‘a’ is substituted by ‘e’ (§108)).

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.