Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 2 of 8

§58

Ivaṇṇ’-uvaṇṇā jha-lā

‘I’, ‘ī’ and ‘u’, ‘ū’ [are named] ‘jha’, ‘la’.

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58. 29. Ivaṇṇ’-uvaṇṇā jha-lā (205)

[Ivaṇṇa-uvaṇṇā + jha-lā = 2 words]

Ivaṇṇ’-uvaṇṇā icc ete jha-lasaññā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ.

Isino, aggino, gahapatino, daṇḍino. Setuno, ketuno, bhikkhuno. Sayambhuno, abhibhuno.

Jha la icc anena kvattho? Jha-lato sassa no vā.

‘I’, ‘ī’ and ‘u’, ‘ū’ [are named] ‘jha’, ‘la’.
The letters ‘i’ and ‘ī’, and ‘u’ and ‘ū’, are respectively named ‘jha’ and ‘la’.
The examples are “isino”, etc. When forming the word “isino”, first the base is put down as “isi”, then the sixth inflection ‘sa’ is employed; then the second ‘i’ of “isi” is given the name ‘jha’ by this sutta. The same should be done with the nouns whose bases end in ‘ī’, ‘u’, ‘ū’.
What is the use of the names ‘jha’ and ‘la’? [For the use of the names ‘jha’ and ‘la’ in suttas such as] “Jha-lato sassa no vā” (§117). Optionally, after ‘jha’ and ‘la’, ‘sa’ [is substituted by ‘no’].

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.