Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 1 of 8

§31

Vaggantaṃ vā vagge

Optionally, when a grouped [consonant] follows, the end of the group.

Text and translation

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31. 49. Vaggantaṃ vā vagge (138-9)

[Vagga-antaṃ + vā + vagge = 3 words]

Vaggabhūte byañjane pare niggahitaṃ (niggahita (nasalization)) kho vaggantaṃ vā pappoti.

Tan niccutaṃ, dhammañ care sucaritaṃ (Khu. i, 39), cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ (Khu. i, 45). Santan tassa manaṃ hoti (Khu. i, 27), taṅ kāruṇikaṃ, evaṅ kho bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ.

Vāggahaṇena niggahitaṃ kho lakārādeso hoti. Puggalaṃ.

Vā ti kasmā? Na taṃ kammaṃ kataṃ sādhu (Khu. i, 23).

Optionally, when a grouped [consonant] follows, the end of the group.
When a grouped consonant follows, the niggahita optionally becomes the last letter of the corresponding group.
Examples: “Tan niccutaṃ”, “dhammañ care sucaritaṃ”, “cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ”, “santan tassa manaṃ hoti”, “taṅ kāruṇikaṃ”, “evaṅ kho bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Tan niccutaṃ: taṃ niccutaṃ; tan niccutaṃ (§31); tanniccutaṃ (§11); tan niccutaṃ (ME).

Dhammañ care: dhammaṃ care; dhammañ care (§31); dhammañcare (§11); dhammañ care (ME).

Cirappavāsiṃ: ciraṃ pavāsiṃ; ciram pavāsiṃ (§31); cirap pavāsiṃ (by “ca” in §35); cirappavāsiṃ (§11).

Santan tassa: santaṃ tassa; santan tassa (§31); santantassa (§11); santan tassa (ME).

Taṅ kāruṇikaṃ: taṃ kāruṇikaṃ; taṅ kāruṇikaṃ (§31); taṅkāruṇikaṃ (§11); taṅ kāruṇikaṃ (ME).

Evaṅ kho: evaṃ kho; evaṅ kho (§31); evaṅkho (§11); evaṅ kho (ME).

Extension by “vā” (optional): By taking “optionally”, there is also substitution of the niggahita by ‘l’.

Puggalaṃ: puggaṃ aṃ; puggal aṃ (by “vā” in §31); puggalaṃ (§11).

Why say “optionally”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following example] “Na taṃ kammaṃ kataṃ sādhu”.

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

Where it is cited

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.