Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 1 of 8

§35

Ya-va-ma-da-na-ta-ra-lā c’ āgamā

And the insertions ‘y’, ‘v’, ‘m’, ‘d’, ‘n’, ‘t’, ‘r’, and ‘l’.

Text and translation

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35. 34. Ya-va-ma-da-na-ta-ra-lā c’ āgamā (56)

[Ya-va-ma-da-na-ta-ra-lā + ca + āgamā = 3 words]

Sare pare yakāro vakāro makāro dakāro nakāro takāro rakāro lakāro ime āgamā (inserted letters) honti vā.

Na-y-imassa vijjā (Khu. v, 74), yatha-y-idaṃ cittaṃ (A. i, 4). Migī bhantā-v-udikkhati (Khu. vi, 40), sittā te lahu-m-essati (Khu. i, 66), asittā te garu-m-essati. Asso bhadro kasā-m-iva (Khu. i, 34), samma-d-aññā vimuttānaṃ (Khu. i, 21). Manasā-d-aññā vimuttānaṃ, atta-d-attham abhiññāya (Khu. i, 38). Ciraṃ-n-āyati, ito-n-āyati. Yasmā-t-iha bhikkhave, tasmā-t-iha bhikkhave (S. i, 267), ajja-t-agge (D. i, 80) pāṇupetaṃ. Sabbhi-r-eva samāsetha (S. i, 16), āragge-r-iva sāsapo (Khu. i, 71), sāsapo-r-iva āraggā (Khu. i, 71). Cha-ḷ-abhiññā (Khu. iv, 322), sa-ḷ-āyatanaṃ (Vin. iii, 1).

Vā ti kasmā? Evaṃ mahiddhiyā esā, akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ (Khu. i, 13), ajini maṃ ahāsi me (Khu. i, 13), ajeyyo anugāmiko (Khu. i, 10).

Caggahaṇena idh’ eva makārassa pakāro hoti. Cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ (Khu. i, 45).

Kakārassa ca dakāro hoti. Sadatthapasuto siyā (Khu. i, 38).

Dakārassa ca takāro hoti. Sugato (Vin. i, 1).

And the insertions ‘y’, ‘v’, ‘m’, ‘d’, ‘n’, ‘t’, ‘r’, and ‘l’.
When a vowel follows, optionally there are these insertions: ‘y’, ‘v’, ‘m’, ‘d’, ‘n’, ‘t’, ‘r’, and ‘l’.
Examples: “Na-y-imassa vijjā”, “yatha-y-idaṃ cittaṃ”, “migī bhantā-v-udikkhati”, “sittā te lahu-m-essati”, “asittā te garu-m-essati”, “asso bhadro kasā-m-iva”, “samma-d-aññā vimuttānaṃ”, “manasā-d-aññā vimuttānaṃ”, “atta-d-attham abhiññāya”, “ciraṃ-n-āyati”, “ito-n-āyati”, “yasmā-t-iha bhikkhave”, “tasmā-t-iha bhikkhave”, “ajja-t-agge pāṇupetaṃ”, “sabbhi-r-eva samāsetha”, “āragge-r-iva sāsapo”, “sāsapo-r-iva āraggā”, “cha-ḷ-abhiññā”, “sa-ḷ-āyatanaṃ”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Na-y-imassa: na imassa; na y imassa (§35); nayimassa (§11); na-y-imassa (ME).

Yatha-y-idaṃ: yathā idaṃ; yathā y idaṃ (§35); yatha y idaṃ (§26); yathayidaṃ (§11); yatha-y-idaṃ (ME).

Bhantā-v-udikkhati, lahu-m-essati, garu-m-essati, kasā-m-iva: the formation is similar to the previous ones.

Samma-d-aññā: sammā aññā; sammā d aññā (§35); samma d aññā (§26); sammadaññā (§11); samma-d-aññā (ME).

Manasā-d-aññā, atta-d-attham, ciraṃ-n-āyati, ito-n-āyati, yasmā-t-iha, tasmā-t-iha, ajja-t-agge, sabbhi-r-eva, āragge-r-iva, sāsapo-r-iva, cha-ḷ-abhiññā, sa-ḷ-āyatanaṃ: the formation is similar.

Why say “optionally”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Evaṃ mahiddhiyā esā”, “akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ”, “ajini maṃ ahāsi me”, “ajeyyo anugāmiko”.

Counter-examples

Mahiddhiyā esā. In this and the following examples there is no insertion.

Akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ, ajini maṃ ahāsi me.

Ajeyyo anugāmiko.

Extension by “ca” (accumulating): By taking “ca”, here there are the following substitutions: ‘p’ for ‘m’, ‘d’ for ‘k’ and ‘t’ for ‘d’.

Cirappavāsiṃ: ciraṃ pavāsiṃ; ciram pavāsiṃ (§31); cirap pavāsiṃ (“ca” of §35); cirappavāsiṃ (§11).

Sadatthapasuto: saka atthapasuto; sak a atthapasuto (§10); sak atthapasuto (§12); sad atthapasuto (“ca” of §35); sadatthapasuto (§11).

Sugato: sugado; sugato (“ca” of §35).

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.