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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ
Kaccāyana's Grammar
1-Sandhi-Kappa · 1-Sandhi Chapter
Bilingual Pāḷi–English edition · 51 suttas · 5 sectionsv1.0ESEN
1-Sandhi-Kappa
Chapter 1 of 8
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Kaṇḍa:
Introductory verses
1
Seṭṭhaṃ tilokamahitaṃ abhivandiy’ aggaṃ,
Buddhañ ca Dhammam amalaṃ Gaṇam uttamañ ca,
Satthussa tassa vacanatthavaraṃ subuddhuṃ,1Suboddhuṃ (K-PTS).
Vakkhāmi suttahitam ettha Susandhikappaṃ.2Stanza in the vasantatilakā metre.
Having saluted the excellent Buddha, honored by the three worlds, and the highest, together with the pure Dhamma, and the noble Order, I will expound here the good chapter on Sandhi which is beneficial to the Word of the Buddha, for the sake of understanding well the noble meaning of the Word of the Teacher.
2
Seyyaṃ jineritanayena budhā labhanti,
Tañ cāpi tassa vacanatthasubodhanena,
Atthañ ca akkharapadesu amohabhāvā,
Seyyatthiko padam ato vividhaṃ suṇeyya.
The wise attained the best3“The best” (seyyaṃ) refers to the nine supramundane states (nava lokuttaradhammā). by the way taught by the Victorious One; that way they attained by knowing well the meaning of His word; the meaning they attained by non-confusion of the meaning in letters and words. Therefore, let the one who wishes the best listen to the various [letters and] words.
Studied
Paṭhama-Kaṇḍa· First section
1Kaccāyana Sutta. 1Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Attho akkharasaññāto
[Attho + akkharasaññāto = 2 words]

Sabbavacanānaṃ attho akkhareh’ eva saññāyate. Akkharavipattiyaṃwhen there is deformity of letters hi atthassa dunnayatādifficulty of understanding hoti, tasmā akkharakosallaṃskillfulness with letters bahūpakāraṃ suttantesu.

The meaning is known by letters.
The meaning of all words is known only by letters. For when there is deformity of letters, meaning becomes difficult to understand. Therefore, skillfulness with letters is very useful in the Discourses.
Studied
2Kaccāyana Sutta. 2Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Akkharā p’ ādayo ekacattālīsaṃ (1, 2)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Akkharā + api + a-ādayo + ekacattālīsaṃ = 4 words]

Te ca kho akkharāletters api akāradayobeginning with 'a' ekacattālīsaṃ suttantesu sopakārāvery useful.

Taṃ yathā? a ā i ī u ū e o; ka kha ga gha ṅa; ca cha ja jha ña; ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa; ta tha da dha na; pa pha ba bha ma; ya ra la va sa ha ḷa aṃ. Iti akkharā nāma.

Tena kvattho? Attho akkharasaññāto.

Letters are forty-one beginning with ‘a’.
And these letters, which are forty-one beginning with ‘a’, are very useful in the Discourses.
Which are these? a ā i ī u ū e o; ka kha ga gha ṅa; ca cha ja jha ña; ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa; ta tha da dha na; pa pha ba bha ma; ya ra la va sa ha ḷa aṃ. These are called “letters”.
What is the benefit of that [calling them “letters”]? [It is beneficial in suttas such as] “Attho akkharasaññāto” (§1).4I.e., we know that “akkhara” in the first sutta refers to the forty-one letters.
4I.e., we know that “akkhara” in the first sutta refers to the forty-one letters.
Studied
3Kaccāyana Sutta. 3Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Tatth’ odantā sarā aṭṭha (3)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Tattha + o-antā + sarā + aṭṭha = 4 words]

Tattha akkharesu akārādīsu odantāending in 'o' aṭṭha akkharāletters sarāvowels nāma honti.

Taṃ yathā? a ā i ī u ū e o. Iti sarā nāma.

Tena kvattho? Sarā sare lopaṃelision.

Among them, the eight [letters] ending in ‘o’ are called “vowels”.
Among those letters, the eight letters beginning with ‘a’ and ending with ‘o’ are called “vowels”.
Which are these? a ā i ī u ū e o. These are called “vowels”.
What is the benefit of that [calling them “vowels”]? [It is beneficial in suttas such as] “Sarā sare lopaṃ” (§12).
Studied
4Kaccāyana Sutta. 4Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Lahumattā tayo rassā (4)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Lahumattā + tayo + rassā = 3 words]

Tattha aṭṭhasu saresu lahumattālight-measured tayo sarāvowels rassāshort nāma honti.

Taṃ yathā? a i u. Iti rassā nāma.

Tena kvattho? Rassaṃ.

The three light-measured [vowels] are short.
Among the eight vowels, the three light-measured [vowels] are called “short”.
Which are these? a i u. These are called “short”.
What is the benefit of that [calling them “short”]? [It is beneficial in suttas such as] “Rassaṃ” (§26).
Studied
5Kaccāyana Sutta. 5Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Aññe dīghā (5)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Aññe + dīghā = 2 words]

Tattha aṭṭhasu saresu rassehi aññe pañca sarāvowels dīghālong nāma honti.

Taṃ yathā? ā ī ū e o. Iti dīghā nāma.

Tena kvattho? Dīghaṃ.

The others are long.
Among the eight vowels, the five other vowels apart from the short [vowels] are called “long”.
Which are these? ā ī ū e o. These are called “long”.
What is the benefit of that [calling them “long”]? [It is beneficial in suttas such as] “Dīghaṃ” (§25).
Studied
6Kaccāyana Sutta. 8Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Sesā byañjanā (6)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Sesā + byañjanā = 2 words]

Ṭhapetvā aṭṭha sare sesā akkharāletters kakārādayo niggahitantā byañjanāconsonants nāma honti.

Taṃ yathā? ka kha ga gha ṅa; ca cha ja jha ña; ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa; ta tha da dha na; pa pha ba bha ma; ya ra la va sa ha ḷa aṃ. Iti byañjanā nāma.

Tena kvattho? Sarā pakatioriginal form byañjane.

The remaining are consonants.
Apart from the eight vowels, the remaining letters beginning with ‘ka’ and ending with the niggahita (ṃ) are called “consonants”.
Which are these? ka kha ga gha ṅa; ca cha ja jha ña; ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa; ta tha da dha na; pa pha ba bha ma; ya ra la va sa ha ḷa aṃ. These are called “consonants”.
What is the benefit of that [calling them “consonants”]? [It is beneficial in suttas such as] “Sarā pakati byañjane” (§23).
Studied
7Kaccāyana Sutta. 9Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Vaggā pañcapañcaso mantā (7)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Vaggā + pañcapañcaso + ma-antā = 3 words]

Tesaṃ kho byañjanānaṃ kakārādayo makārantā pañcapañcaso akkharavanto5Pañcapañca-akkharavanto (K). vaggāgrouped (groups of five) nāma honti.

Taṃ yathā? ka kha ga gha ṅa; ca cha ja jha ña; ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa; ta tha da dha na; pa pha ba bha ma. Iti vaggā nāma.

Tena kvattho? Vaggantaṃ vā vagge.

The [groups of] five by five, ending in ‘ma’, are grouped.
Of those consonants, the letters beginning with ‘ka’ and ending with ‘ma’, that are divided into five groups of five letters, are called “grouped”.
Which are these? ka kha ga gha ṅa; ca cha ja jha ña; ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa; ta tha da dha na; pa pha ba bha ma. These are called “grouped”.
What is the benefit of that [calling them “grouped”]? [It is beneficial in suttas such as] “Vaggantaṃ vā vagge” (§31).
5Pañcapañca-akkharavanto (K).
Studied
8Kaccāyana Sutta. 10Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Aṃ iti niggahitaṃ (8)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Aṃ + iti + niggahitaṃ = 3 words]

Aṃ iti niggahitaṃniggahita (nasalization) nāma hoti.

Tena kvattho? Aṃ byañjane niggahitaṃ.

‘Ṃ’ is the niggahita.
‘Ṃ’ is called niggahita.
What is the benefit of that [calling it “niggahita”]? [It is beneficial in suttas such as] “Aṃ byañjane niggahitaṃ” (§30).
Studied
9Kaccāyana Sutta. 11Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Parasamaññā payoge
[Para + samaññā + payoge = 3 words]

Yā ca pana paresu sakkataganthesu samaññā ghosāvoiced ti vā aghosāvoiceless ti vā, tā payoge sati etthāpi yujjante.

Tattha ghosā nāma: ga gha ṅa; ja jha ña; ḍa ḍha ṇa; da dha na; ba bha ma; ya ra la va ha ḷa. Iti ghosā nāma. Aghosā nāma: ka kha; ca cha; ṭa ṭha; ta tha; pa pha; sa. Iti aghosā nāma.

Tena kvattho? Vagge ghosāghosānaṃ tatiya-paṭhamā.

In need, [are used] the terms of others.
Those terms [found] in the Sanskrit books such as “voiced” or “voiceless”, when there is need, they are also used here.
Among them, the voiced are: ga gha ṅa; ja jha ña; ḍa ḍha ṇa; da dha na; ba bha ma; ya ra la va ha ḷa. These are called “voiced”. The voiceless are: ka kha; ca cha; ṭa ṭha; ta tha; pa pha; sa. These are called “voiceless”.
What is the benefit of that [calling them “voiced” and “voiceless”]? [It is beneficial in suttas such as] “Vagge ghosāghosānaṃ tatiya-paṭhamā” (§29).
Studied
10Kaccāyana Sutta. 12Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Pubbam adhoṭhitam assaraṃ sarena viyojaye (28)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Pubbaṃ + adhoṭhitaṃ + assaraṃ + sarena + viyojaye = 5 words]

Tattha sandhiṃ kattukāmo pubbabyañjanaṃ adhoṭhitaṃ assaraṃ katvā sarañ ca upari katvā sarena viyojaye.

Tatr āyam ādi (Khu. i, 67)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 67.

One should separate the previous vowelless [consonant] that lies below from the vowel.
Herein, one who wants to do joining of words should, after making the previous consonant that lies (lit. sits) below, free from the vowel and putting the vowel above, separate the consonant from the vowel.6“Below” means on the left, and “above” means on the right. What has been read was called in ancient times “below”, and what has not been read, but about to be read, was called “above”. See §12 · Sarā sare lopaṃ — When a vowel follows, vowels [come to] elision.">§12 for the formal formation of the word.
[With the phrase] “tatr āyam ādi” [the examples begin].
6“Below” means on the left, and “above” means on the right. What has been read was called in ancient times “below”, and what has not been read, but about to be read, was called “above”. See §12 for the formal formation of the word.
Studied
11Kaccāyana Sutta. 14Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Naye paraṃ yutte (29)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Naye + paraṃ + yutte = 3 words]

Assaraṃ kho byañjanaṃ adhoṭhitaṃ parakkharaṃ naye yutte.

Tatrābhiratim iccheyya (Khu. i, 29)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 29.

Yutte ti kasmā? Akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ, ajini maṃ ahāsi me (Khu. i, 26)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 26. Ettha pana yuttaṃ na hoti.

When appropriate, one should carry [the consonant] to the following [letter].
When appropriate, one should carry the consonant, which is without a vowel and which lies below, to the following letter.
Example: “Tatrābhiratim iccheyya”.
Why say “when appropriate” (yutte)? [To show that in] “Akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ, ajini maṃ ahāsi me”, here, however, it is not appropriate [to carry the consonant].7See §12 · Sarā sare lopaṃ — When a vowel follows, vowels [come to] elision.">§12 for the formal formation of the word. When there is reason for joining the words together, one should combine the consonant which is without a vowel and which lies on the left with the vowel which follows. In the example “Akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ, ajini maṃ ahāsi me” the niggahita (ṃ), which is a consonant, should not be combined with the following vowel ‘a’, because it is not an appropriate place to combine. To show this, the word “yutte” is mentioned in the sutta.
7See §12 for the formal formation of the word. When there is reason for joining the words together, one should combine the consonant which is without a vowel and which lies on the left with the vowel which follows. In the example “Akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ, ajini maṃ ahāsi me” the niggahita (ṃ), which is a consonant, should not be combined with the following vowel ‘a’, because it is not an appropriate place to combine. To show this, the word “yutte” is mentioned in the sutta.
Studied
Iti sandhi-kappe paṭhamo kaṇḍo
Thus ends the first section of the chapter on sandhi
Dutiya-Kaṇḍa· Second section
12Kaccāyana Sutta. 13Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Sarā sare lopaṃ (30)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Sarā + sare + lopaṃ = 3 words]

Sarā kho sare pare lopaṃelision papponti.

Yass’ indriyāni samathaṅgatāni (Khu. i, 27, 358)Khuddaka-nikāya, no h’ etaṃ bhante (Vin. iii, 19)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. iii, p. 19, samet’ āyasmā saṃghena (Vin. i, 265)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. i, p. 265.

When a vowel follows, vowels [come to] elision.
When a vowel follows, vowels come to elision.8Vowels become elided because of a vowel.
Examples: “Yass’ indriyāni samathaṅgatāni”, “no h’ etaṃ bhante”, “samet’ āyasmā saṃghena”.
Formation of words from this and previous suttas.

Tatrāyam ādi. In order to form this word (actually a combination of two words), first the word must be separated as “tatra ayamādi”. Then by §10 the consonant (here conjunct consonant) ‘tr’ is separated from the vowel ‘a’, and put on the left (tatr a ayamādi); by §12 the ‘a’ is elided because of the following vowel ‘a’ (tatr ayamādi); by §15 the ‘a’ of “ayamādi” is made long (tatr āyamādi); now the consonant ‘tr’ is carried to (or combined with) the following ‘ā’ by §11. Now the word tatrāyamādi is finished.

The formation of the word given above is the traditional method of forming words. Students have to follow this procedure when they study Pāḷi grammar and form words. Every example in the book has to be formed formally in this way.

In Oriental scripts, consonants and vowels are written in such a way that they do not appear separately as in Roman script. Therefore in order to do something to the consonant and also the vowel, they have to be separated first and written separately. Only then can one do whatever is appropriate. But in Roman script there is no need to separate the consonant from the vowel since they stand separately and not one on top of the other or the two blended together. The combined words should, however, be separated into two by inserting a space.

Tatrābhiratim iccheyya should be treated the same way as “tatrāyamādi”.

Sequence
  1. tatra abhiratimiccheyya
  2. tatr a abhiratimiccheyya (§10)
  3. tatr abhiratimiccheyya (§12)
  4. tatr ābhiratimiccheyya (§15)
  5. tatrābhiratimiccheyya (§11)
  6. tatrābhiratim iccheyya (ME)9This is the modern edition (ME).

Yass’ indriyāni. In order to form this word, first the word must be written down as “yassa indriyāni”.

Sequence
  1. yassa indriyāni
  2. yass a indriyāni (§10)
  3. yass indriyāni (§12)
  4. yassindriyāni (§11)
  5. yass’ indriyāni (ME)

No h’ etaṃ.

Sequence
  1. no hi etaṃ
  2. no h i etaṃ (§10)
  3. no h etaṃ (§12)
  4. nohetaṃ (§11)
  5. no h’ etaṃ (ME)

Samet’ āyasmā.

Sequence
  1. sametu āyasmā
  2. samet u āyasmā (§10)
  3. samet āyasmā (§12)
  4. sametāyasmā (§11)
  5. samet’ āyasmā (ME)
8Vowels become elided because of a vowel.
9This is the modern edition (ME).
Studied
13Kaccāyana Sutta. 15Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Vā paro asarūpā (31)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Vā + paro + a-sarūpā = 3 words]

Saramhā asarūpā paro saro lopaṃelision pappoti vā.

Cattāro ’me bhikkhave dhammā (A. i, 311)Aṅguttara-nikāya · vol. i, p. 311, kinnu ’mā ’va samaṇiyo (Vin. iii, 304)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. iii, p. 304.

Vā ti kasmā? Pañc’ indriyāni (Abhi. iii, 1)Abhidhamma-piṭaka · vol. iii, p. 1, tay’ assu dhammā jahitā bhavanti (Khu. i, 6)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 6.

Optionally, the following [vowel is elided] after a dissimilar [vowel].
Optionally, the vowel after a dissimilar vowel comes to elision.10“Dissimilar” (asarūpa) means dissimilar in the place of articulation. The vowels ‘a’ and ‘ā’ are said to be “similar” (sarūpa) because they are pronounced in the throat (kaṇṭha); ‘i’ and ‘ī’ are similar, being pronounced in the soft palate with the middle of the tongue in proximity with the palate, and so on. But ‘a’ and ‘i’ are said to be dissimilar because they are pronounced in different places of articulation.
Examples: “Cattāro ’me bhikkhave dhammā”, “kinnu ’mā ’va samaṇiyo”.
Why say “optionally” (vā)? [To prevent elision of the following vowel, as in the following examples] “Pañc’ indriyāni”; “tay’ assu dhammā jahitā bhavanti” [although they fall in the scope of this sutta].
Examples [with formation sequence]
Cattāro ’me
Sequence
  1. cattāro ime
  2. cattār o ime (§10)
  3. cattār o me (§13)
  4. cattārome (§11)
  5. cattāro ’me (ME)
Kinnu ’mā ’va
Sequence
  1. kinnu imāva
  2. kinn u imāva (§10)
  3. kinn u māva (§13)
  4. kinnumāva (§11)
  5. kinnu ’mā ’va (ME)
Counter-examples
Pañc’ indriyāni
Sequence
  1. pañca indriyāni
  2. pañc a indriyāni (§10)11Although ‘i’ could be elided by §13 · Vā paro asarūpā — Optionally, the following [vowel is elided] after a dissimilar [vowel].">§13 it is not done here because the sutta says “optionally”.
  3. pañc indriyāni (§12)
  4. pañcindriyāni (§11)
  5. pañc’ indriyāni (ME)
Tay’ assu dhammā
Sequence
  1. tayo assu dhammā
  2. tay o assu dhammā (§10)
  3. tay assu dhammā (§12)
  4. tayassu dhammā (§11)
  5. tay’ assu dhammā (ME)
10“Dissimilar” (asarūpa) means dissimilar in the place of articulation. The vowels ‘a’ and ‘ā’ are said to be “similar” (sarūpa) because they are pronounced in the throat (kaṇṭha); ‘i’ and ‘ī’ are similar, being pronounced in the soft palate with the middle of the tongue in proximity with the palate, and so on. But ‘a’ and ‘i’ are said to be dissimilar because they are pronounced in different places of articulation.
11Although ‘i’ could be elided by §13 it is not done here because the sutta says “optionally”.
Studied
14Kaccāyana Sutta. 16Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Kvac’ āsavaṇṇaṃ lutte (34)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Kvaci + a-savaṇṇaṃ + lutte = 3 words]

Saro kho paro pubbasare lutte kvacisometimes asavaṇṇaṃ pappoti.

Saṅkyaṃ n’ opeti vedagū (S. 408)Saṃyutta-nikāya, bandhusseva samāgamo.

Kvacī ti kasmā? Yass’ indriyāni (Khu. i, 27, 358)Khuddaka-nikāya, tathūpamaṃ dhammavaraṃ adesayi (Khu. i, 7, 314)Khuddaka-nikāya.

Sometimes, when [the previous vowel has been] elided, [the following vowel becomes] dissimilar.
When the previous vowel has been elided, the following vowel sometimes becomes dissimilar.
Examples: “Saṅkyaṃ n’ opeti vedagū”, “bandhusseva samāgamo”.
Examples [with formation sequence]
N’ opeti
Sequence
  1. na upeti
  2. n a upeti (§10)
  3. n upeti (§12)
  4. n opeti (§14)
  5. nopeti (§11)
  6. n’ opeti (ME)
Bandhusseva
Sequence
  1. bandhussa iva
  2. bandhuss a iva (§10)
  3. bandhuss iva (§12)
  4. bandhuss eva (§14)
  5. bandhusseva (§11)

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Yass’ indriyāni”, “tathūpamaṃ dhammavaraṃ adesayi”.

Counter-examples
Yass’ indriyāni
Sequence
  1. yassa indriyāni
  2. yass a indriyāni (§10)
  3. yass indriyāni (§12)
  4. yassindriyāni (§11)
  5. yass’ indriyāni (ME)
Tathūpamaṃ
Sequence
  1. tathā upamaṃ
  2. tath ā upamaṃ (§10)
  3. tath upamaṃ (§12)
  4. tath ūpamaṃ (§15)
  5. tathūpamaṃ (§11)
Studied
15Kaccāyana Sutta. 17Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Dīghaṃ (36)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Dīghaṃ = 1 word]

Saro kho paro pubbasare lutte kvacisometimes dīghaṃlong / becomes long pappoti.

Saddh’ īdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ (Khu. i, 306)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 306, anāgārehi c’ ūbhayaṃ (Khu. i, 71, 376)Khuddaka-nikāya.

Kvacī ti kasmā? Pañcah’ Upāli aṅgehi samannāgato (Vin. v, 342)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. v, p. 342, natth’ aññaṃ kiñci.

Long.
When the previous vowel has been elided, the following vowel sometimes becomes long.
Examples: “Saddh’ īdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ”, “anāgārehi c’ ūbhayaṃ”.
Examples [with formation sequence]
Saddh’ īdha
Sequence
  1. saddhā idha
  2. saddh ā idha (§10)
  3. saddh idha (§12)
  4. saddh īdha (§15)
  5. saddhīdha (§11)
  6. saddh’ īdha (ME)
C’ ūbhayaṃ
Sequence
  1. ca ubhayaṃ
  2. c a ubhayaṃ (§10)
  3. c ubhayaṃ (§12)
  4. c ūbhayaṃ (§15)
  5. cūbhayaṃ (§11)
  6. c’ ūbhayaṃ (ME)

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Pañcah’ Upāli aṅgehi samannāgato”, “natth’ aññaṃ kiñci”.

Counter-examples
Pañcah’ Upāli
Sequence
  1. pañcahi upāli
  2. pañcah i upāli (§10)
  3. pañcah upāli (§12)
  4. pañcahupāli (§11)
  5. pañcah’ Upāli (ME)
Natth’ aññaṃ
Sequence
  1. natthi aññaṃ
  2. natth i aññaṃ (§10)
  3. natth aññaṃ (§12)
  4. natthaññaṃ (§11)
  5. natth’ aññaṃ (ME)
Studied
16Kaccāyana Sutta. 18Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Pubbo ca (35)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Pubbo + ca = 2 words]

Pubbo ca saro parasaralope kate kvacisometimes dīghaṃlong / becomes long pappoti.

Kiṃ sū ’dha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ (Khu. i, 306)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 306, sādhū ti paṭissuṇitvā (DhA. i, 30)Dhammapada-aṭṭhakathā · vol. i, p. 30.

Kvacī ti kasmā? Iti ’ssa muhuttam pi (Vin. ii, 196)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. ii, p. 196.

And the previous.12The particle “ca” here works as “restrictive dragging” (anukaḍḍhana): it drags the terms “lutte” (from §13 · Vā paro asarūpā — Optionally, the following [vowel is elided] after a dissimilar [vowel].">§13) and “dīghaṃ” (from §15 · Dīghaṃ — Long.">§15) to this sutta, but restrains them from applying to the following suttas.
When the following vowel has been elided, the previous vowel sometimes becomes long.
Examples: “Kiṃ sū ’dha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ”, “sādhū ti paṭissuṇitvā”.
Examples [with formation sequence]
Kiṃ sū ’dha
Sequence
  1. kiṃsu idha
  2. kiṃs u idha (§10)
  3. kiṃs u dha (§13)
  4. kiṃs ū dha (§16)
  5. kiṃsūdha (§11)
  6. kiṃ sū ’dha (ME)
Sādhū ti
Sequence
  1. sādhu iti
  2. sādh u iti (§10)
  3. sādh u ti (§13)
  4. sādh ū ti (§16)
  5. sādhūti (§11)
  6. sādhū ti (ME)

Why say “sometimes” (kvaci)? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following example] “Iti ’ssa muhuttam pi”.

Counter-example
Iti ’ssa
Sequence
  1. iti assa
  2. it i assa (§10)
  3. it i ssa (§13)
  4. itissa (§11)
  5. iti ’ssa (ME)
12The particle “ca” here works as “restrictive dragging” (anukaḍḍhana): it drags the terms “lutte” (from §13) and “dīghaṃ” (from §15) to this sutta, but restrains them from applying to the following suttas.
Studied
17Kaccāyana Sutta. 19Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Yam edantass’ ādeso (43)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Yaṃ + e-antassa + ādeso = 3 words]

Ekārassa antabhūtassa sare pare kvacisometimes yakārādeso hoti.

Adhigato kho my āyaṃ dhammo (Vin. iii, 5)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. iii, p. 5, ty āhaṃ evaṃ vadeyyaṃ (M. i, 16)Majjhima-nikāya · vol. i, p. 16, ty āssa (A. i, 153)Aṅguttara-nikāya · vol. i, p. 153 pahīnā honti.

Kvacī ti kasmā? ne ’nāgatā, iti n’ ettha.

‘Y’ [is] the substitution of the end ‘e’.
When a vowel follows, the letter ‘e’, which stands at the end, sometimes is substituted by ‘y’.
Examples: “Adhigato kho my āyaṃ dhammo”, “ty āhaṃ evaṃ vadeyyaṃ”, “ty āssa pahīnā honti”.
Examples [with formation sequence]
My āyaṃ
Sequence
  1. me ayaṃ
  2. m e ayaṃ (§10)
  3. m y ayaṃ (§17)
  4. m y āyaṃ (§25)
  5. myāyaṃ (§11)
  6. my āyaṃ (ME)
Ty āhaṃ
Sequence
  1. te ahaṃ
  2. t e ahaṃ (§10)
  3. t y ahaṃ (§17)
  4. t y āhaṃ (§25)
  5. tyāhaṃ (§11)
  6. ty āhaṃ (ME)

Why say “sometimes” (kvaci)? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “ne ’nāgatā”, “iti n’ ettha”.

Counter-examples
Ne ’nāgatā
Sequence
  1. ne anāgatā
  2. n e anāgatā (§10)
  3. n e nāgatā (§13)
  4. nenāgatā (§11)
  5. ne ’nāgatā (ME)
N’ ettha
Sequence
  1. ne ettha
  2. n e ettha (§10)
  3. n ettha (§12)
  4. nettha (§11)
  5. n’ ettha (ME)
Studied
18Kaccāyana Sutta. 20Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Vam od-udantānaṃ (44)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Vaṃ + o-u-dantānaṃ = 2 words]

Okār’-ukārānaṃ antabhūtānaṃ sare pare kvacisometimes vakārādeso hoti.

Attha khv assa (M. i, 243)Majjhima-nikāya · vol. i, p. 243, sv assa hoti, bahv ābādho (S. i, 94)Saṃyutta-nikāya · vol. i, p. 94, vatthv ettha vihitaṃ niccaṃ, cakkhv āpātham āgacchati.

Kvacī ti kasmā? Cattāro ’me bhikkhave dhammā (A. i, 311)Aṅguttara-nikāya · vol. i, p. 311, kinnu ’mā ’va samaṇiyo (Vin. ii, 304)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. ii, p. 304.

‘V’ of those that end in ‘o’ and ‘u’.
When a vowel follows, the letters ‘o’ and ‘u’, which stand at the end, sometimes are substituted by ‘v’.
Examples: “Attha khv assa”, “sv assa hoti”, “bahv ābādho”, “vatthv ettha vihitaṃ niccaṃ”, “cakkhv āpātham āgacchati”.
Examples [with formation sequence]
Attha khv assa
Sequence
  1. attha kho assa
  2. atth kh o assa (§10)
  3. attha kh v assa (§18)
  4. attha khvassa (§11)
  5. attha khv assa (ME)
Sv assa
Sequence
  1. so assa
  2. s o assa (§10)
  3. s v assa (§18)
  4. svassa (§11)
  5. sv assa (ME)
Bahv ābādho
Sequence
  1. bahu ābādho
  2. bah u ābādho (§10)
  3. bah v ābādho (§18)
  4. bahvābādho (§11)
  5. bahv ābādho (ME)
Vatthv ettha
Sequence
  1. vatthu ettha
  2. vatth u ettha (§10)
  3. vatth v ettha (§18)
  4. vatthvettha (§11).
  5. vatthv ettha (ME)
Cakkhv āpātham
Sequence
  1. cakkhu āpātham
  2. cakkh u āpātham (§10)
  3. cakkh v āpātham (§18)
  4. cakkhvāpātham (§11)
  5. cakkhv āpātham (ME)

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Cattāro ’me bhikkhave dhammā”, “kinnu ’mā ’va samaṇiyo”.

Counter-examples
Cattāro ’me
Sequence
  1. cattāro ime
  2. cattār o ime (§10)
  3. cattār o me (§13)
  4. cattārome (§11)
  5. cattāro ’me (ME)
Kinnu ’mā ’va
Sequence
  1. kinnu imāva
  2. kinn u imāva (§10)
  3. kinn u māva (§13)
  4. kinnumāva (§11)
  5. kinnu ’mā ’va (ME)
Studied
19Kaccāyana Sutta. 22Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Sabbo caṃ ti (46, 47)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Sabbo + ca + ti = 3 words]

Sabbo icc eso tisaddo byañjano sare pare kvacisometimes cakāraṃ pappoti.

Icc etaṃ kusalaṃ (Vin. i, 265)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. i, p. 265, icc assa vacanīyaṃ (D. ii, 47)Dīgha-nikāya · vol. ii, p. 47, paccuttaritvā (JA. vi, 94)Jātaka-aṭṭhakathā · vol. vi, p. 94, paccāharati (Vin. i, 204)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. i, p. 204.

Kvacī ti kasmā? Iti ’ssa muhuttam pi (Vin. ii, 196)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. ii, p. 196.

All [the syllable] ‘ti’ [becomes] ‘c’.
When a vowel follows, the complete syllable ‘ti’ sometimes becomes ‘c’.
Examples: “Icc etaṃ kusalaṃ”, “icc assa vacanīyaṃ”, “paccuttaritvā”, “paccāharati”.
Examples [with formation sequence]
Icc etaṃ
Sequence
  1. iti etaṃ
  2. ic etaṃ (§19)
  3. icc etaṃ (§28)
  4. iccetaṃ (§11)
  5. icc etaṃ (ME)
Icc assa
Sequence
  1. iti assa
  2. ic assa (§19)
  3. icc assa (§28)
  4. iccassa (§11)
  5. icc assa (ME)
Paccuttaritvā
Sequence
  1. pati uttaritvā
  2. pac uttaritvā (§19)
  3. pacc uttaritvā (§28)
  4. paccuttaritvā (§11)
Paccāharati
Sequence
  1. pati āharati
  2. pac āharati (§19)
  3. pacc āharati (§28)
  4. paccāharati (§11)

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following example] “Iti ’ssa muhuttam pi”.

Counter-example
Iti ’ssa
Sequence
  1. iti assa
  2. iti ssa (§13)
  3. itissa (§11)
  4. iti ’ssa (ME)
Studied
20Kaccāyana Sutta. 27Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Do dhassa ca (50)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Do + dhassa + ca = 3 words]

Dha icc etassa sare pare kvacisometimes dakārādeso hoti.

Ekam idāhaṃ bhikkhave samayaṃ (M. i, 401)Majjhima-nikāya · vol. i, p. 401.

Kvacī ti kasmā? Idh’ eva maraṇaṃ bhavissati (Vin. i, 15)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. i, p. 15.

Also ‘da’ of ‘dha’.
When a vowel follows, sometimes ‘dha’ also13Because of “ca” in the sutta. is substituted by ‘da’.
Example: “Ekam idāhaṃ bhikkhave samayaṃ”.
Example [with formation sequence]
Idāhaṃ
Sequence
  1. idha ahaṃ
  2. idh a ahaṃ (§10)
  3. idh ahaṃ (§12)
  4. ida ahaṃ (§20)
  5. id a ahaṃ (§10)
  6. id ahaṃ (§12)
  7. id āhaṃ (§15)
  8. idāhaṃ (§11)

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following example] “Idh’ eva maraṇaṃ bhavissati”.

Counter-example
Idh’ eva
Sequence
  1. idha eva
  2. idh a eva (§10)
  3. idh eva (§12)
  4. idheva (§11)
  5. idh’ eva (ME)
Extension by “ca” (accumulating):

Caggahaṇena dhakārassa hakārādeso hoti. Sāhu dassanam ariyānaṃ (Khu. i, 34)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 34.

By taking “ca”,14By the power of “ca”. Here “ca” indicates that this rule has other applications, such as the substitution of ‘ha’ for ‘dha’. This is precisely the function of “accumulating” (samuccaya) seen in the reference table: “ca” indicates some addition to the statement. there is also substitution of ‘dha’ by ‘ha’, [such as in] “sāhu dassanam ariyānaṃ”.

Example
Sāhu
Sequence
  1. sādhu
  2. sā dhu (§10)
  3. sāhu (§20)
Extension by division of the sutta (suttavibhāgena):

Suttavibhāgena bahudhā siyā: To dassa, yathā? Sugato (Vin. i, 1)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. i, p. 1. Ṭo tassa, yathā? Dukkaṭaṃ (Vin. v, 262)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. v, p. 262. Dho tassa, yathā? Gandhabbo (M. i, 332)Majjhima-nikāya · vol. i, p. 332. Tro ttassa, yathā? Atrajo (Vin. iii, 428)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. iii, p. 428. Ko gassa, yathā? Kulūpako (Vin. i, 192)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. i, p. 192. Lo rassa, yathā? Mahāsālo (D. ii, 121)Dīgha-nikāya · vol. ii, p. 121. Jo yassa, yathā? Gavajo (Khu. v, 283)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. v, p. 283. Bbo vvassa, yathā? Kubbato (Khu. v, 95)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. v, p. 95. Ko yassa, yathā? Sake (Khu. vi, 325)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. vi, p. 325. Yo jassa, yathā? Niyaṃ puttaṃ (Khu. i, 11, 301)Khuddaka-nikāya. Ko tassa, yathā? Niyako. Cco ttassa, yathā? Bhacco. Pho passa, yathā? Nipphatti. Kho kassa, yathā? Nikkhamati. Icc evamādī yojetabbā.

By dividing the sutta [into similar rules], there are many applications: ‘d’ is changed to ‘t’ as in “Sugato” (Sugado → Sugato); ‘t’ to ‘ṭ’ as in “dukkaṭaṃ” (dukkataṃ → dukkaṭaṃ); ‘t’ to ‘dh’ as in “gandhabbo” (gantabbo → gandhabbo); ‘tt’ to ‘tr’ as in “atrajo” (attajo → atrajo); ‘g’ to ‘k’ as in “kulūpako” (kulūpago → kulūpako); ‘r’ to ‘l’ as in “mahāsālo” (mahāsāro → mahāsālo); ‘y’ to ‘j’ as in “gavajo” (gavayo → gavajo); ‘vv’ to ‘bb’ as in “kubbato” (kuvvato → kubbato); ‘y’ to ‘k’ as in “sake” (saye → sake); ‘j’ to ‘y’ as in “niyaṃ” (nijaṃ → niyaṃ); ‘t’ to ‘k’ as in “niyako” (niyato → niyako); ‘tt’ to ‘cc’ as in “bhacco” (bhatto → bhacco); ‘p’ to ‘ph’ as in “nipphatti” (nippatti → nipphatti); ‘k’ to ‘kh’ as in “nikkhamati” (nikkamati → nikkhamati). Other examples beginning with these should be formed.

13Because of “ca” in the sutta.
14By the power of “ca”. Here “ca” indicates that this rule has other applications, such as the substitution of ‘ha’ for ‘dha’. This is precisely the function of “accumulating” (samuccaya) seen in the reference table: “ca” indicates some addition to the statement.
Studied
21Kaccāyana Sutta. 21Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Ivaṇṇo yaṃ navā (51)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[I-vaṇṇo + yaṃ + navā = 3 words]

Pubbo ivaṇṇo sare pare yakāraṃ pappoti navā.

Paṭisanthāravuty assa (Khu. i, 67)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 67, sabbā vity ānubhūyate.

Navā ti kasmā? Pañcah' aṅgehi samannāgato (Vin. v, 343)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. v, p. 343, muttacāgī anuddhato.

Occasionally, the letter ‘i’ [becomes] ‘y’.
When a vowel follows, the previous letter ‘i’ (or ‘ī’) occasionally becomes ‘y’.
Examples: “Paṭisanthāravuty assa”, “sabbā vity ānubhūyate”.
Examples [with formation sequence]
Paṭisanthāravuty assa
Sequence
  1. paṭisanthāravutti assa
  2. paṭisanthāravutt i assa (§10)
  3. paṭisanthāravutt y assa (§21)
  4. paṭisanthāravut y assa (by “ca” in §41)
  5. paṭisanthāravutyassa (§11)
  6. paṭisanthāravuty assa (ME)
Vity ānubhūyate
Sequence
  1. vitti anubhūyate
  2. vitt i anubhūyate (§10)
  3. vitt y anubhūyate (§21)
  4. vit y anubhūyate (by “ca” in §41)
  5. vit y ānubhūyate (§25)
  6. vityānubhūyate (§11)
  7. vity ānubhūyate (ME)

Why say “occasionally”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Pañcah’ aṅgehi samannāgato”, “muttacāgī anuddhato”.

Counter-example
Pañcah’ aṅgehi
Sequence
  1. pañcahi aṅgehi
  2. pañcah i aṅgehi (§10)
  3. pañcah aṅgehi (§12)
  4. pañcahaṅgehi (§11)
  5. pañcah’ aṅgehi (ME)

In the example “muttacāgī anuddhato”, there is the possibility of ‘ī’ becoming ‘y’ but the word “navā” (“occasionally”) in this sutta prevents the operation of this rule.

Studied
22Kaccāyana Sutta. 28Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Evādissa ri pubbo ca rasso (52)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Eva-ādissa + ri + pubbo + ca + rasso = 5 words]

Saramhā parassa evassa ekārassa ādissa rikāro hoti, pubbo ca saro rasso hoti navā.

Yatha-r-iva (D. i, 85)Dīgha-nikāya · vol. i, p. 85 vasudhātalañ ca sabbaṃ, tatha-r-iva guṇavā supūjaniyo.

Navā ti kasmā? Yathā eva, tathā eva.

Of the beginning of “eva”, ‘ri’, and the previous,15The particle “ca” here works as “collecting” (sampiṇḍana): it connects the second clause (“and the previous vowel becomes short”) without adding any meaning, like the English conjunction “and”. short.
After a vowel, there is substitution of the letter ‘e’, which is the beginning of “eva”, by the syllable ‘ri’, and the previous vowel occasionally becomes short.
Examples: “Yatha-r-iva vasudhātalañ ca sabbaṃ”, “tatha-r-iva guṇavā supūjaniyo”.
Examples [with formation sequence]
Yatha-r-iva
Sequence
  1. yathā eva
  2. yath ā eva (§10)
  3. yath ā riva, yath a riva (§22)
  4. yathariva (§11)
  5. yatha-r-iva (ME)
Tatha-r-iva
Sequence
  1. tathā eva
  2. tath ā eva (§10)
  3. tath ā riva, tath a riva (§22)
  4. tathariva (§11)
  5. tatha-r-iva (ME)

Why say “occasionally”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Yathā eva”, “tathā eva”.

15The particle “ca” here works as “collecting” (sampiṇḍana): it connects the second clause (“and the previous vowel becomes short”) without adding any meaning, like the English conjunction “and”.
Studied
Iti sandhi-kappe dutiyo kaṇḍo
Thus ends the second section of the chapter on sandhi
Tatiya-Kaṇḍa· Third section
23Kaccāyana Sutta. 36Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Sarā pakati byañjane (62)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Sarā + pakati + byañjane = 3 words]

Sarā kho byañjane pare pakatirūpāni honti.

Manopubbaṅgamā dhammā (Khu. i, 13)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 13, pamādo maccuno padaṃ (Khu. i, 16)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 16, tiṇṇo pāraṅgato ahu (Khu. i, 72)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 72.

When a consonant follows, [vowels keep their] original [form].
When a consonant follows, vowels retain their original form.
Examples: “Manopubbaṅgamā dhammā”, “pamādo maccuno padaṃ”, “tiṇṇo pāraṅgato ahu”.16At Khu. i, 72 (Dhp 414) the reading is “tiṇṇo pāraṅgato jhāyī”.

Explanation of the examples:

Manopubbaṅgamā dhammā. Here the ‘ā’ remains unchanged because it is followed by a consonant.

Pamādo maccuno padaṃ. The ‘o’ of “pamādo” and the ‘o’ of “maccuno” remain unchanged because they are followed by consonants.

Tiṇṇo pāraṅgato ahu. The ‘o’ of “tiṇṇo” remains unchanged because it is followed by a consonant. The ‘o’ of “pāraṅgato” remains unchanged before the vowel ‘a’ of “ahu” according to the next sutta.

16At Khu. i, 72 (Dhp 414) the reading is “tiṇṇo pāraṅgato jhāyī”.
Studied
24Kaccāyana Sutta. 35Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Sare kvaci (63)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Sare + kvaci = 2 words]

Sarā kho sare pare kvacisometimes pakatirūpāni honti.

Ko imaṃ pathaviṃ vicessati (Khu. i, 19)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 19.

Kvacī ti kasmā? Appassut’ āyaṃ puriso (Khu. i, 36)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 36.

Sometimes, when a vowel follows.
When a vowel follows, sometimes vowels retain their original forms.
Example: “Ko imaṃ pathaviṃ vicessati”.

“Ko imaṃ.” Here the ‘o’ of “ko” remains unchanged when followed by a vowel.

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following example] “Appassut’ āyaṃ puriso”.

Counter-example
Appassut’ āyaṃ
Sequence
  1. appassuto ayaṃ
  2. appassut o ayaṃ (§10)
  3. appassut ayaṃ (§12)
  4. appassut āyaṃ (§15)
  5. appassutāyaṃ (§11)
  6. appassut’ āyaṃ (ME)
Studied
25Kaccāyana Sutta. 37Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Dīghaṃ (64, 71, 165)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Dīghaṃ = 1 word]

Sarā kho byañjane pare kvacisometimes dīghaṃlong / becomes long papponti.

Sammā dhammaṃ vipassato (Khu. i, 67)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 67, evaṃ gāme munī care (Khu. i, 20)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 20, khantī paramaṃ tapo titikkhā (D. ii, 42)Dīgha-nikāya · vol. ii, p. 42.

Kvacī ti kasmā? Idha modati pecca modati (Khu. i, 15)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 15, patilīyati (A. ii, 434)Aṅguttara-nikāya · vol. ii, p. 434, paṭihaññati (Vin. iv, 292)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. iv, p. 292.

Long.
When a consonant follows, vowels sometimes become long.
Examples: “Sammā dhammaṃ vipassato”, “evaṃ gāme munī care”, “khantī paramaṃ tapo titikkhā”.
Examples [with formation sequence]
Sammā dhammaṃ
Sequence
  1. samma dhammaṃ
  2. sammā dhammaṃ (§25)
Munī care
Sequence
  1. muni care
  2. munī care (§25)
Khantī paramaṃ
Sequence
  1. khanti paramaṃ
  2. khantī paramaṃ (§25)

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Idha modati pecca modati”, “patilīyati”, “paṭihaññati”.

Counter-examples

“Idha modati pecca modati.” Here the vowels ‘a’ of “idha” and “pecca” remain unchanged before the consonants.

“Patilīyati”: pati + lī + ya + ti.

“Paṭihaññati”: paṭi + hana + ya + ti.

Studied
26Kaccāyana Sutta. 38Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Rassaṃ (65, 179)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Rassaṃ = 1 word]

Sarā kho byañjane pare kvacisometimes rassaṃ papponti.

Bhovādi nāma so hoti (Khu. i, 71)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 71, yathā bhāvi guṇena so.

Kvacī ti kasmā? Sammā samādhi (Vin. iii, 14)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. iii, p. 14, sāvittī chandaso mukhaṃ, upanīyati jīvitam appam āyu (S. i, 2)Saṃyutta-nikāya · vol. i, p. 2.

Short.
When a consonant follows, vowels sometimes become short.
Examples: “Bhovādi nāma so hoti”, “yathā bhāvi guṇena so”.
Examples [with formation sequence]
Bhovādi nāma
Sequence
  1. bhovādī nāma
  2. bhovādi nāma (§26)
Bhāvi guṇena
Sequence
  1. bhāvī guṇena
  2. bhāvi guṇena (§26)

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Sammā samādhi”, “sāvittī chandaso mukhaṃ”, “upanīyati jīvitam appam āyu”.

Counter-examples

“Sammā samādhi.” Here and in the following counter-example, “sāvittī chandaso”, the final vowels do not become short.

“Upanīyati.” Here the ‘ī’ of “upanīyati” does not become short.17It seems that this is not a satisfactory example.

17It seems that this is not a satisfactory example.
Studied
27Kaccāyana Sutta. 39Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Lopañ ca tatrākāro (66, 163-4)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Lopaṃ + ca + tatra + a-kāro = 4 words]

Sarā kho byañjane pare kvacisometimes lopaṃelision papponti, tatra ca lope kate akārāgamo hoti.

Sa sīlavā (Khu. i, 25)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 25, sa paññavā (Khu. i, 25)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 25, esa dhammo sanantano (Khu. i, 14)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 14, sa ve kasāvam arahati (Khu. i, 14)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 14, sa mānakāmo pi bhaveyya, sa ve muni jātibhayaṃ adassi.

Kvacī ti kasmā? So muni (Khu. i, 52)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 52, eso dhammo padissati, na so kāsāvam arahati (Khu. i, 14)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 14.

Elision, and18The particle “ca” here works as “collecting” (sampiṇḍana): it connects the second clause (the insertion of ‘a’ at the place of the elision) without adding any meaning, like the English conjunction “and”. there, the letter ‘a’.
When a consonant follows, vowels sometimes are elided, and there, at the place of the elision, the letter ‘a’ is inserted.
Examples: “Sa sīlavā”, “sa paññavā”, “esa dhammo sanantano”, “sa ve kasāvam arahati”, “sa mānakāmo pi bhaveyya”, “sa ve muni jātibhayaṃ adassi”.
Examples [with formation sequence]
Sa sīlavā
Sequence
  1. so sīlavā
  2. s o sīlavā (§10)
  3. s sīlavā, s a sīlavā (§27)
  4. sa sīlavā (§11)
Sa paññavā
Sequence
  1. so paññavā
  2. s o paññavā (§10)
  3. s paññavā, s a paññavā (§27)
  4. sa paññavā (§11)
Esa dhammo
Sequence
  1. eso dhammo
  2. es o dhammo (§10)
  3. es dhammo, es a dhammo (§27)
  4. esa dhammo (§11)
Sa ve
Sequence
  1. so ve
  2. s o ve (§10)
  3. s ve, s a ve (§27)
  4. sa ve (§11)
Sa mānakāmo
Sequence
  1. so mānakāmo
  2. s o mānakāmo (§10)
  3. s mānakāmo, s a mānakāmo (§27)
  4. sa mānakāmo (§11)

Sa ve muni jātibhayaṃ adassi: same as the fourth.

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “So muni”, “eso dhammo padissati”, “na so kāsāvam arahati”.

Counter-examples

“So muni.” Here and in the other counter-examples there is no change.

“Eso dhammo.” No change.

“So kāsāvam.” No change.

18The particle “ca” here works as “collecting” (sampiṇḍana): it connects the second clause (the insertion of ‘a’ at the place of the elision) without adding any meaning, like the English conjunction “and”.
Studied
28Kaccāyana Sutta. 40Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Para dvebhāvo ṭhāne (67)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Para + dve-bhāvo + ṭhāne = 3 words]

Saramhā parassa byañjanassa dvebhāvodoubling hoti ṭhānein the appropriate place.

Idha ppamādo, purisassa jantuno, pabbajjaṃ kittayissāmi (Khu. i, 340)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 340, cātuddasiṃ (A. i, 142)Aṅguttara-nikāya · vol. i, p. 142, pañcaddasiṃ (A. i, 142)Aṅguttara-nikāya · vol. i, p. 142, abhikkantataro cando.

Ṭhāne ti kasmā? Idha modati pecca modati (Khu. i, 15)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 15.

Doubling of the following in the appropriate place.19Nandisena: “Although ‘ṭhāne’, which is in locative singular and should be translated as ‘in an appropriate place’, we prefer to translate it as ‘in appropriate places’.” This edition keeps the Pāḷi singular, by decision of the IEBH.
After a vowel, there is doubling of the following consonant, in the appropriate place.
Examples: “Idha ppamādo, purisassa jantuno”, “pabbajjaṃ kittayissāmi”, “cātuddasiṃ”, “pañcaddasiṃ”, “abhikkantataro cando”.
Examples [with formation sequence]
Idha ppamādo
Sequence
  1. idha pamādo
  2. idha ppamādo (§28)
  3. idhappamādo (§11)
  4. idha ppamādo (ME)
Pabbajjaṃ
Sequence
  1. pa bajjaṃ
  2. pa bbajjaṃ (§28)
  3. pabbajjaṃ (§11)
Cātuddasiṃ
Sequence
  1. cātu dasiṃ
  2. cātu ddasiṃ (§28)
  3. cātuddasiṃ (§11)
Pañcaddasiṃ
Sequence
  1. pañca dasiṃ
  2. pañca ddasiṃ (§28)
  3. pañcaddasiṃ (§11)
Abhikkantataro
Sequence
  1. abhi kantataro
  2. abhi kkantataro (§28)
  3. abhikkantataro (§11)

Why say “in the appropriate place”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following example] “Idha modati pecca modati”.

19Nandisena: “Although ‘ṭhāne’, which is in locative singular and should be translated as ‘in an appropriate place’, we prefer to translate it as ‘in appropriate places’.” This edition keeps the Pāḷi singular, by decision of the IEBH.
Studied
29Kaccāyana Sutta. 42Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Vagge ghosāghosānaṃ tatiya-paṭhamā (68)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Vagge + ghosa-aghosānaṃ + tatiya-paṭhamā = 3 words]

Vagge kho pubbesaṃ byañjanānaṃ ghosāghosabhūtānaṃ saramhā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ tatiyapaṭhamakkharā dvebhāvaṃ gacchanti ṭhānein the appropriate place.

Es’ eva ca jjhānapphalo, yatra ṭṭhitaṃ na ppasaheyya maccu (Khu. i, 32)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 32, sele yathā pabbatamuddhani ṭṭhito (Vin. iii, 6)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. iii, p. 6, cattāri ṭṭhānāni naro pamatto (Khu. i, 57)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 57.

Ṭhāne ti kasmā? Idha cetaso daḷhaṃ gaṇhāti thāmasā.

In the grouped, the first and third of the voiceless and voiced.
In the appropriate place, the first and third letters become the double [as first-second and third-fourth letters]20This means that the second letter is doubled as first-second, and the fourth is doubled as third-fourth. respectively of that group when they are preceded by a vowel.
Examples: “Es’ eva ca jjhānapphalo”, “yatra ṭṭhitaṃ na ppasaheyya maccu”, “sele yathā pabbatamuddhani ṭṭhito”, “cattāri ṭṭhānāni naro pamatto”.
Examples [with formation sequence]
Ca jjhānapphalo
Sequence
  1. ca jhānapphalo
  2. ca jjhānapphalo (§29)
  3. cajjhānapphalo (§11)21“Jhānapphalo” can also be an example: jhānapphalo; jhāna phalo; jhāna pphalo (§29 · Vagge ghosāghosānaṃ tatiya-paṭhamā — In the grouped, the first and third of the voiceless and voiced.">§29); jhānapphalo (§11 · Naye paraṃ yutte — When appropriate, one should carry [the consonant] to the following [letter].">§11).
  4. ca jjhānapphalo (ME)
Yatra ṭṭhitaṃ
Sequence
  1. yatra ṭhitaṃ
  2. yatra ṭṭhitaṃ (§29)
  3. yatraṭṭhitaṃ (§11)
  4. yatra ṭṭhitaṃ (ME)
Pabbatamuddhani ṭṭhito
Sequence
  1. pabbatamuddhani ṭhito
  2. pabbatamuddhani ṭṭhito (§29)
  3. pabbatamuddhaniṭṭhito (§11)
  4. pabbatamuddhani ṭṭhito (ME)
Cattāri ṭṭhānāni
Sequence
  1. cattāri ṭhānāni
  2. cattāri ṭṭhānāni (§29)
  3. cattāriṭṭhānāni (§11)
  4. cattāri ṭṭhānāni (ME)

Why say “in the appropriate place”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following example] “Idha cetaso daḷhaṃ gaṇhāti thāmasā”.

Counter-example

“Idha cetaso.” Here there is no doubling of the ‘c’ of “cetaso” after the vowel ‘a’ of “idha”.

20This means that the second letter is doubled as first-second, and the fourth is doubled as third-fourth.
21“Jhānapphalo” can also be an example: jhānapphalo; jhāna phalo; jhāna pphalo (§29); jhānapphalo (§11).
Studied
Iti sandhi-kappe tatiyo kaṇḍo
Thus ends the third section of the chapter on sandhi
Catuttha-Kaṇḍa· Fourth section
30Kaccāyana Sutta. 58Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Aṃ byañjane niggahitaṃ (153)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Aṃ + byañjane + niggahitaṃ = 3 words]

Niggahitaṃ kho byañjane pare aṃ iti hoti.

Evaṃ vutte (Vin. i, 7)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. i, p. 7, taṃ sādhū ti paṭissuṇitvā (DhA. i, 30)Dhammapada-aṭṭhakathā · vol. i, p. 30.

When a consonant follows, the niggahita ‘ṃ’.
When a consonant follows, the niggahita becomes ‘ṃ’.22According to this sutta the niggahita (‘ṃ’) remains unchanged when followed by a consonant.
Examples: “Evaṃ vutte”, “taṃ sādhū ti paṭissuṇitvā”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Evaṃ vutte: evaṃ vutte (§30)

Taṃ sādhū ti: taṃ sādhū ti (§30)

22According to this sutta the niggahita (‘ṃ’) remains unchanged when followed by a consonant.
Studied
31Kaccāyana Sutta. 49Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Vaggantaṃ vā vagge (138-9)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Vagga-antaṃ + vā + vagge = 3 words]

Vaggabhūte byañjane pare niggahitaṃniggahita (nasalization) kho vaggantaṃ vā pappoti.

Tan niccutaṃ, dhammañ care sucaritaṃ (Khu. i, 39)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 39, cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ (Khu. i, 45)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 45. Santan tassa manaṃ hoti (Khu. i, 27)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 27, taṅ kāruṇikaṃ, evaṅ kho bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ.

Vāggahaṇena niggahitaṃ kho lakārādeso hoti. Puggalaṃ.23See Rū. §49; Sad. §139; Mo. iii 56; Bā. §41.

Vā ti kasmā? Na taṃ kammaṃ kataṃ sādhu (Khu. i, 23)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 23.

Optionally, when a grouped [consonant] follows, the end of the group.
When a grouped consonant follows, the niggahita optionally becomes the last letter of the corresponding group.
Examples: “Tan niccutaṃ”, “dhammañ care sucaritaṃ”, “cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ”, “santan tassa manaṃ hoti”, “taṅ kāruṇikaṃ”, “evaṅ kho bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Tan niccutaṃ: taṃ niccutaṃ; tan niccutaṃ (§31); tanniccutaṃ (§11); tan niccutaṃ (ME).

Dhammañ care: dhammaṃ care; dhammañ care (§31); dhammañcare (§11); dhammañ care (ME).

Cirappavāsiṃ: ciraṃ pavāsiṃ; ciram pavāsiṃ (§31); cirap pavāsiṃ (by “ca” in §35); cirappavāsiṃ (§11).

Santan tassa: santaṃ tassa; santan tassa (§31); santantassa (§11); santan tassa (ME).

Taṅ kāruṇikaṃ: taṃ kāruṇikaṃ; taṅ kāruṇikaṃ (§31); taṅkāruṇikaṃ (§11); taṅ kāruṇikaṃ (ME).

Evaṅ kho: evaṃ kho; evaṅ kho (§31); evaṅkho (§11); evaṅ kho (ME).

Extension by “vā” (optional): By taking “optionally”, there is also substitution of the niggahita by ‘l’.

Puggalaṃ: puggaṃ aṃ; puggal aṃ (by “vā” in §31); puggalaṃ (§11).24According to Nyāsa. But this is not a satisfactory example.

Why say “optionally”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following example] “Na taṃ kammaṃ kataṃ sādhu”.

23See Rū. §49; Sad. §139; Mo. iii 56; Bā. §41.
24According to Nyāsa. But this is not a satisfactory example.
Studied
32Kaccāyana Sutta. 50Rūpasiddhi Sutta.E-he ñaṃ (140)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[E-he + ñaṃ = 2 words]

Ekāra-hakāre pare niggahitaṃniggahita (nasalization) kho ñakāraṃ pappoti vā.

Paccattañ ñeva parinibbāyissāmi (M. i, 318)Majjhima-nikāya · vol. i, p. 318, tañ ñev' ettha paṭipucchissāmi (D. i, 57)Dīgha-nikāya · vol. i, p. 57, evañ hi vo bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ (M. i, 171)Majjhima-nikāya · vol. i, p. 171. Tañ hi tassa musā hoti (Khu. i, 396)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 396.

Vā ti kasmā? Evam etaṃ abhiññāya (Khu. i, 447)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 447, evaṃ hoti subhāsitaṃ.

When ‘e’ and ‘h’, ‘ñ’.
When the letters ‘e’ and ‘h’ follow, the niggahita optionally becomes ‘ñ’.25The particle “vā” in this sutta is used to indicate a fixed alternative (vavatthitavibhāsā): the change of ‘ṃ’ to ‘ñ’ applies only when it is followed by “eva” and “hi”.
Examples: “Paccattañ ñeva parinibbāyissāmi”, “tañ ñev' ettha paṭipucchissāmi”, “evañ hi vo bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ”, “tañ hi tassa musā hoti”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Paccattañ ñeva: paccattaṃ eva; paccattañ eva (§32); paccattaññ eva (§28); paccattaññeva (§11); paccattañ ñeva (ME).

Tañ ñev’ ettha: taṃ eva ettha; tañ ev’ ettha (§32); taññ ev’ ettha (§28); taññevettha (§11); tañ ñev’ ettha (ME).

Evañ hi: evaṃ hi; evañ hi (§32); evañhi (§11); evañ hi (ME).

Tañ hi: taṃ hi; tañ hi (§32); tañhi (§11); tañ hi (ME).

Why say “optionally”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Evam etaṃ abhiññāya”, “evaṃ hoti subhāsitaṃ”.

Counter-examples

Evam etaṃ. Here the ‘ṃ’ of “evaṃ” is not followed by “eva”.

Evaṃ hoti. Here ‘ṃ’ is not followed by “hi”.

25The particle “vā” in this sutta is used to indicate a fixed alternative (vavatthitavibhāsā): the change of ‘ṃ’ to ‘ñ’ applies only when it is followed by “eva” and “hi”.
Studied
33Kaccāyana Sutta. 51Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Sa ye ca (141)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Sa + ye + ca = 3 words]

Niggahitaṃ kho yakāre pare saha yakārena ñakāraṃ pappoti vā.

Saññogo, saññuttaṃ.

Vā ti kasmā? Saṃyogo, saṃyuttaṃ.

And when ‘y’, together with [ṃ].
When the letter ‘y’ follows, the niggahita together with the letter ‘y’ optionally becomes ‘ñ’.
Examples: “Saññogo”, “saññuttaṃ”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Saññogo: saṃ yogo; sañ ñogo (§33); saññogo (§11) (ME).

Saññuttaṃ: saṃ yuttaṃ; sañ ñuttaṃ (§33); saññuttaṃ (§11) (ME).

Why say “optionally”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Saṃyogo”, “saṃyuttaṃ”.

Counter-examples

Saṃyogo. Here there are two choices, “saññogo” and “saṃyogo”; but here the speaker chooses to say “saṃyogo”. Therefore ‘ṃ’ together with ‘y’ is not changed to ‘ñ’.

Saṃyuttaṃ. To be understood similarly as “saṃyogo”.

Studied
34Kaccāyana Sutta. 52Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Ma-dā sare (142-5)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Ma-dā + sare = 2 words]

Niggahitassa kho sare pare makāra-dakārādesā honti vā.

Tam ahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ (Khu. i, 68)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 68, etad avoca satthā (S. i, 222)Saṃyutta-nikāya · vol. i, p. 222.

Vā ti kasmā? Akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ (Khu. i, 13)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 13, ajini maṃ ahāsi me (Khu. i, 13)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 13.

When a vowel follows, ‘m’ and ‘d’.
When a vowel follows, optionally there is substitution of the niggahita by the letters ‘m’ and ‘d’.
Examples: “Tam ahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ”, “etad avoca satthā”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Tam ahaṃ: taṃ ahaṃ; tam ahaṃ (§34); tamahaṃ (§11); tam ahaṃ (ME).

Etad avoca: etaṃ avoca; etad avoca (§34); etadavoca (§11); etad avoca (ME).

Why say “optionally”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ”, “ajini maṃ ahāsi me”.

Counter-examples

Maṃ avadhi. Here the niggahita is not changed to ‘m’.

Maṃ ahāsi. Here the niggahita is not changed to ‘m’.

Studied
35Kaccāyana Sutta. 34Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Ya-va-ma-da-na-ta-ra-lā c’ āgamā (56)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Ya-va-ma-da-na-ta-ra-lā + ca + āgamā = 3 words]

Sare pare yakāro vakāro makāro dakāro nakāro takāro rakāro lakāro ime āgamāinserted letters honti vā.

Na-y-imassa vijjā (Khu. v, 74)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. v, p. 74, yatha-y-idaṃ cittaṃ (A. i, 4)Aṅguttara-nikāya · vol. i, p. 4. Migī bhantā-v-udikkhati (Khu. vi, 40)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. vi, p. 40, sittā te lahu-m-essati (Khu. i, 66)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 66, asittā te garu-m-essati. Asso bhadro kasā-m-iva (Khu. i, 34)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 34, samma-d-aññā vimuttānaṃ (Khu. i, 21)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 21. Manasā-d-aññā vimuttānaṃ, atta-d-attham abhiññāya (Khu. i, 38)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 38. Ciraṃ-n-āyati, ito-n-āyati. Yasmā-t-iha bhikkhave, tasmā-t-iha bhikkhave (S. i, 267)Saṃyutta-nikāya · vol. i, p. 267, ajja-t-agge (D. i, 80)Dīgha-nikāya · vol. i, p. 80 pāṇupetaṃ. Sabbhi-r-eva samāsetha (S. i, 16)Saṃyutta-nikāya · vol. i, p. 16, āragge-r-iva sāsapo (Khu. i, 71)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 71,26Āragge (K). sāsapo-r-iva āraggā (Khu. i, 71)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 71. Cha-ḷ-abhiññā (Khu. iv, 322)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. iv, p. 322, sa-ḷ-āyatanaṃ (Vin. iii, 1)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. iii, p. 1.

Vā ti kasmā? Evaṃ mahiddhiyā esā, akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ (Khu. i, 13)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 13, ajini maṃ ahāsi me (Khu. i, 13)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 13, ajeyyo anugāmiko (Khu. i, 10)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 10.

Caggahaṇena idh’ eva makārassa pakāro hoti. Cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ (Khu. i, 45)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 45.

Kakārassa ca dakāro hoti. Sadatthapasuto siyā (Khu. i, 38)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 38.

Dakārassa ca takāro hoti. Sugato (Vin. i, 1)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. i, p. 1.

And the insertions ‘y’, ‘v’, ‘m’, ‘d’, ‘n’, ‘t’, ‘r’, and ‘l’.
When a vowel follows, optionally there are these insertions: ‘y’, ‘v’, ‘m’, ‘d’, ‘n’, ‘t’, ‘r’, and ‘l’.
Examples: “Na-y-imassa vijjā”, “yatha-y-idaṃ cittaṃ”, “migī bhantā-v-udikkhati”, “sittā te lahu-m-essati”, “asittā te garu-m-essati”, “asso bhadro kasā-m-iva”, “samma-d-aññā vimuttānaṃ”, “manasā-d-aññā vimuttānaṃ”, “atta-d-attham abhiññāya”, “ciraṃ-n-āyati”, “ito-n-āyati”, “yasmā-t-iha bhikkhave”, “tasmā-t-iha bhikkhave”, “ajja-t-agge pāṇupetaṃ”, “sabbhi-r-eva samāsetha”, “āragge-r-iva sāsapo”, “sāsapo-r-iva āraggā”, “cha-ḷ-abhiññā”, “sa-ḷ-āyatanaṃ”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Na-y-imassa: na imassa; na y imassa (§35); nayimassa (§11); na-y-imassa (ME).

Yatha-y-idaṃ: yathā idaṃ; yathā y idaṃ (§35); yatha y idaṃ (§26); yathayidaṃ (§11); yatha-y-idaṃ (ME).27Formation of the other examples is similar to “na-y-imassa” and “yatha-y-idaṃ”.

Bhantā-v-udikkhati, lahu-m-essati, garu-m-essati, kasā-m-iva: the formation is similar to the previous ones.

Samma-d-aññā: sammā aññā; sammā d aññā (§35); samma d aññā (§26); sammadaññā (§11); samma-d-aññā (ME).

Manasā-d-aññā, atta-d-attham, ciraṃ-n-āyati, ito-n-āyati, yasmā-t-iha, tasmā-t-iha, ajja-t-agge, sabbhi-r-eva, āragge-r-iva, sāsapo-r-iva, cha-ḷ-abhiññā, sa-ḷ-āyatanaṃ: the formation is similar.

Why say “optionally”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Evaṃ mahiddhiyā esā”, “akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ”, “ajini maṃ ahāsi me”, “ajeyyo anugāmiko”.

Counter-examples

Mahiddhiyā esā. In this and the following examples there is no insertion.

Akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ, ajini maṃ ahāsi me.

Ajeyyo anugāmiko.

Extension by “ca” (accumulating): By taking “ca”, here there are the following substitutions: ‘p’ for ‘m’, ‘d’ for ‘k’ and ‘t’ for ‘d’.

Cirappavāsiṃ: ciraṃ pavāsiṃ; ciram pavāsiṃ (§31); cirap pavāsiṃ (“ca” of §35); cirappavāsiṃ (§11).

Sadatthapasuto: saka atthapasuto; sak a atthapasuto (§10); sak atthapasuto (§12); sad atthapasuto (“ca” of §35); sadatthapasuto (§11).

Sugato: sugado; sugato (“ca” of §35).

26Āragge (K).
27Formation of the other examples is similar to “na-y-imassa” and “yatha-y-idaṃ”.
Studied
36Kaccāyana Sutta. 47Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Kvaci o byañjane (130)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Kvaci + o + byañjane = 3 words]

Byañjane pare kvacisometimes okārāgamo hoti.

Atippago kho tāva Sāvatthiyaṃ piṇḍāya carituṃ (A. iii, 424)Aṅguttara-nikāya · vol. iii, p. 424. Parosahassaṃ (S. i, 194)Saṃyutta-nikāya · vol. i, p. 194.

Kvacī ti kasmā? Etha passath’ imaṃ lokaṃ (Khu. i, 39)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 39, andhībhūto ayaṃ loko (Khu. i, 39)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 39.

Sometimes, when a consonant follows, ‘o’.
When a consonant follows, sometimes there is the insertion of the letter ‘o’.
Examples: “Atippago kho tāva Sāvatthiyaṃ piṇḍāya carituṃ”, “parosahassaṃ”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Atippago kho: atippa kho; atippa g kho (by “ca” of §35); atippa go kho (§36); atippagokho (§11); atippago kho (ME).

Parosahassaṃ: para sahassaṃ; par a sahassaṃ (§10); par sahassaṃ (§12); par o sahassaṃ (§36); parosahassaṃ (§11).

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Etha passath’ imaṃ lokaṃ”, “andhībhūto ayaṃ loko”.

Counter-examples

Etha passath’ imaṃ lokaṃ.

Andhībhūto ayaṃ.28Here the counter-example should be “andhībhūto ayaṃ” and not “ayaṃ loko”. See Kaccāyana Bhāsāṭīkā.

28Here the counter-example should be “andhībhūto ayaṃ” and not “ayaṃ loko”. See Kaccāyana Bhāsāṭīkā.
Studied
37Kaccāyana Sutta. 57Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Niggahitañ ca (146)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Niggahitaṃ + ca = 2 words]

Niggahitañ c’ āgamo hoti sare vā byañjane vā pare kvaci.

Cakkhuṃ udapādi (Vin. iii, 15)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. iii, p. 15, avaṃsiro (Khu. v, 230)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. v, p. 230, yāvañ c’ idha bhikkhave purimaṃ jātiṃ sarāmi, aṇuṃthūlāni sabbaso (Khu. i, 54)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 54, manopubbaṅgamā dhammā (Khu. i, 13)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 13.

Kvacī ti kasmā? Idh’ eva naṃ pasaṃsanti, pecca sagge pamodati (Khu. vi, 82; A. i, 311)Khuddaka-nikāya · Aṅguttara-nikāya; na hi etehi yānehi, gaccheyya agataṃ disaṃ (Khu. i, 59)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 59.

Caggahaṇena visaddassa ca pakāro hoti. Pacessati, vicessati vā (Khu. i, 19)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 19.

And the niggahita.
When a vowel or a consonant follows, sometimes there is the insertion of the niggahita.29The particle “ca” here works as “dragging to this sutta” (anukaḍḍhana): it drags the niggahita of the previous suttas to this sutta, indicating that the niggahita too can work as an insertion.
Examples: “Cakkhuṃ udapādi”, “avaṃsiro”, “yāvañ c’ idha bhikkhave purimaṃ jātiṃ sarāmi”, “aṇuṃthūlāni sabbaso”, “manopubbaṅgamā dhammā”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Cakkhuṃ udapādi: cakkhu udapādi; cakkhu ṃ udapādi (§37); cakkhuṃ udapādi (§11).

Avaṃsiro: ava siro; ava ṃ siro (§37); avaṃsiro (§11).

Yāvañ c’ idha: yāva ca idha; yāva c a idha (§10); yāva c idha (§12); yāva ṃ c idha (§37); yāva ñ c idha (§31); yāvañcidha (§11); yāvañ c’ idha (ME).

Purimaṃ jātiṃ.30This example is problematic. See Kaccāyana Bhāsāṭīkā.

Aṇuṃthūlāni: aṇu thūlāni; aṇu ṃ thūlāni (§37); aṇuṃthūlāni (§11).

Manopubbaṅgamā: manopubba gamā; manopubba ṃ gamā (§37); manopubba ṅ gamā (§31); manopubbaṅgamā (§11).

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Idh’ eva naṃ pasaṃsanti, pecca sagge pamodati”; “na hi etehi yānehi, gaccheyya agataṃ disaṃ”.

Counter-examples

Idh’ eva: idha eva; idh a eva (§10); idh eva (§12); idheva (§11); idh’ eva (ME).31In this and the following examples there is no insertion of the niggahita.

Pecca sagge.

Hi etehi.

Extension by “ca” (accumulating): By taking “ca”, there is also ‘pa’ for ‘vi’. Example: “pacessati”; counter-example for “ca”: “vicessati”.

29The particle “ca” here works as “dragging to this sutta” (anukaḍḍhana): it drags the niggahita of the previous suttas to this sutta, indicating that the niggahita too can work as an insertion.
30This example is problematic. See Kaccāyana Bhāsāṭīkā.
31In this and the following examples there is no insertion of the niggahita.
Studied
38Kaccāyana Sutta. 53Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Kvaci lopaṃ (147)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Kvaci + lopaṃ = 2 words]

Niggahitaṃ kho sare pare kvaci lopaṃ pappoti.

Tāsāhaṃ santike (Vin. ii, 303)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. ii, p. 303, vidūn' aggam iti.

Kvacī ti kasmā? Aham eva nūna bālo etam atthaṃ viditvāna (Vin. iii, 2)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. iii, p. 2.

Sometimes, elision.
When a vowel follows, sometimes the niggahita comes to elision.
Examples: “Tāsāhaṃ santike”, “vidūn’ aggam iti”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Tāsāhaṃ: tāsaṃ ahaṃ; tāsa ahaṃ (§38); tās a ahaṃ (§10); tās ahaṃ (§12); tās āhaṃ (§15); tāsāhaṃ (§11).

Vidūn’ aggaṃ: vidūnaṃ aggaṃ; vidūna aggaṃ (§38); vidūn a aggaṃ (§10); vidūn aggaṃ (§12); vidūnaggaṃ (§11); vidūnaggaṃ (ME).

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following example] “Aham eva nūna bālo etam atthaṃ viditvāna”.

Counter-examples

Aham eva.32In this and the following example there is no insertion of the niggahita.

Etam atthaṃ.

32In this and the following example there is no insertion of the niggahita.
Studied
39Kaccāyana Sutta. 54Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Byañjane ca (147)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Byañjane + ca = 2 words]

Niggahitaṃ kho byañjane pare kvaci lopaṃ pappoti.

Ariyasaccāna’ dassanaṃ (Khu. i, 4)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 4, etaṃ buddhāna’ sāsanaṃ (Khu. i, 41)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 41.

Kvacī ti kasmā? Etaṃ maṅgalam uttamaṃ (Khu. i, 3)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 3, taṃ vo vadāmi bhaddante (Khu. v, 168)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. v, p. 168.

And when a consonant follows.
When a consonant follows, sometimes the niggahita comes to elision.
Examples: “Ariyasaccāna’ dassanaṃ”, “etaṃ buddhāna’ sāsanaṃ”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Ariyasaccāna’ dassanaṃ: ariyasaccānaṃ dassanaṃ; ariyasaccāna dassanaṃ (§39); ariyasaccānadassanaṃ (§11); ariyasaccāna’ dassanaṃ (ME).

Buddhāna’ sāsanaṃ: buddhānaṃ sāsanaṃ; buddhāna sāsanaṃ (§39); buddhānasāsanaṃ (§11); buddhāna’ sāsanaṃ (ME).

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Etaṃ maṅgalam uttamaṃ”, “taṃ vo vadāmi bhaddante”.

Counter-examples

Etaṃ maṅgalam. Here the rule does not apply.

Taṃ vo. Here the rule does not apply.

Studied
40Kaccāyana Sutta. 55Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Paro vā saro (148)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Paro + vā + saro = 3 words]

Niggahitamhā paro saro lopaṃ pappoti vā.

Bhāsitaṃ abhinandun ti (D. i, 43)Dīgha-nikāya · vol. i, p. 43; uttattaṃ ’va, yathābījaṃ ’va, yathādhaññaṃ ’va.

Vā ti kasmā? Aham eva nūna bālo, etad ahosi (Vin. i, 13)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. i, p. 13.

Optionally, the next vowel.
The vowel after the niggahita optionally comes to elision.
Examples: “Bhāsitaṃ abhinandun ti”, “uttattaṃ ’va”, “yathābījaṃ ’va”, “yathādhaññaṃ ’va”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Abhinandun ti: abhinanduṃ iti; abhinanduṃ ti (§40); abhinandun ti (§31); abhinandunti (§11); abhinandun ti (ME).

Uttattaṃ ’va: uttattaṃ iva; uttattaṃ va (§40); uttattaṃva (§11); uttattaṃ ’va (ME).

Yathābījaṃ ’va: yathābījaṃ iva; yathābījaṃ va (§40); yathābījaṃva (§11); yathābījaṃ ’va (ME).

Yathādhaññaṃ ’va: yathādhaññaṃ iva; yathādhaññaṃ va (§40); yathādhaññaṃva (§11); yathādhaññaṃ ’va (ME).

Why say “optionally”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Aham eva nūna bālo”, “etad ahosi”.

Counter-examples

Aham eva: ahaṃ eva; aham eva (§34); ahameva (§11); aham eva (ME).

Etad ahosi: etaṃ ahosi; etad ahosi (§34); etadahosi (§11); etad ahosi (ME).

Studied
41Kaccāyana Sutta. 56Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Byañjano ca visaññogo (135-6, 149)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Byañjano + ca + vi-saññogo = 3 words]

Niggahitamhā parasmiṃ sare lutte yadi byañjano sasaññogo visaññogo hoti.

Evaṃ ’sa te āsavā (M. i, 13)Majjhima-nikāya · vol. i, p. 13, pupphaṃ ’sā uppajji (Vin. i, 21)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. i, p. 21.

Lutte ti kasmā? Evam assa (Vin. i, 265)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. i, p. 265, vidūn' aggam iti.

Caggahaṇena tiṇṇaṃ byañjanānam antare ye sarūpā, tesam pi lopo hoti. Agyāgāraṃ (Vin. ii, 145)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. ii, p. 145; paṭisanthāravuty assa (Khu. i, 67)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 67.

And the consonant, single.
When the vowel that follows the niggahita is elided, if the syllable has a conjunct consonant, it becomes a single consonant.
Examples: “Evaṃ ’sa te āsavā”, “pupphaṃ ’sā uppajji”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Evaṃ ’sa: evaṃ assa; evaṃ ssa (§40); evaṃ sa (§41); evaṃsa (§11); evaṃ ’sa (ME).

Pupphaṃ ’sā: pupphaṃ assā; pupphaṃ ssā (§40); pupphaṃ sā (§41); pupphaṃsā (§11); pupphaṃ ’sā (ME).

Why say “when [the vowel] has been elided” (lutte)? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Evam assa”, “vidūn’ aggam iti”.

Counter-examples

Evam assa. Here and in the following example there is no elision of the vowel that follows the niggahita. Since there is no elision of the ‘a’s of “assa” and “aggaṃ”, the conjunct consonants ‘ss’ and ‘gg’ do not become single consonants, ‘s’ and ‘g’.

Vidūn’ aggam.

Extension by “ca” (accumulating): By taking “ca”, when there are three consonants, there is also elision of (the beginning consonant of) those consonants that are similar.

Agyāgāraṃ: aggi āgāraṃ; aggy āgāraṃ (§21); agy āgāraṃ (“ca” of §41); agyāgāraṃ (§11).

Paṭisanthāravuty assa: paṭisanthāravutti assa; paṭisanthāravutty assa (§21); paṭisanthāravuty assa (“ca” of §41); paṭisanthāravutyassa (§11); paṭisanthāravuty assa (ME).

Studied
Iti sandhi-kappe catuttho kaṇḍo
Thus ends the fourth section of the chapter on sandhi
Pañcama-Kaṇḍa· Fifth section
42Kaccāyana Sutta. 32Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Go sare puthass’ āgamo kvaci (53)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Go + sare + putha-ssa + āgamo + kvaci = 5 words]

Putha icc etassa ante sare pare kvacisometimes gakārāgamo hoti.

Puthag eva.

Sometimes, insertion of ‘g’ [at the end] of “putha”, when a vowel follows.
At the end of “putha”, when a vowel follows, sometimes there is the insertion of the letter ‘g’.
Example: “Puthag eva”.
Example [with formation sequence]

Puthag eva: putha eva; putha g eva (§42); puthageva (§11); puthag eva (ME).

Studied
43Kaccāyana Sutta. 33Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Pāssa c’ anto rasso (54)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Pā-ssa + ca + anto + rasso = 4 words]

Pā icc etassa ante sare pare kvacisometimes gakārāgamo hoti, anto ca saro rasso hoti.

Pag eva (Khu. v, 111)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. v, p. 111 vutyassa.

Kvacī ti kasmā? Pā eva (Vin. iv, 476)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. iv, p. 476 vutyassa.

And at the end of ‘pā’, [insertion of ‘g’,] short.
At the end of ‘pā’, when a vowel follows, sometimes there is the insertion of the letter ‘g’, and the end vowel becomes short.
Example: “Pag eva”.
Example [with formation sequence]

Pag eva: pā eva; pā g eva, pa g eva (§43); pageva (§11); pag eva (ME).

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following example] “Pā eva”.

Counter-example

Pā eva. Here this rule does not apply.

Studied
44Kaccāyana Sutta. 24Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Abbho abhi (57)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Abbho + abhi = 2 words]

Abhi icc etassa sare pare abbhādeso hoti.

Abbhudīritaṃ, abbhuggacchati (M. i, 177)Majjhima-nikāya · vol. i, p. 177.

‘Abhi’, ‘abbh’.
When a vowel follows, ‘abhi’ is substituted by ‘abbh’.
Examples: “Abbhudīritaṃ”, “abbhuggacchati”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Abbhudīritaṃ: abhi udīritaṃ; abbh udīritaṃ (§44); abbhudīritaṃ (§11).

Abbhuggacchati: abhi uggacchati; abbh uggacchati (§44); abbhuggacchati (§11).

Studied
45Kaccāyana Sutta. 25Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Ajjho adhi (58)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Ajjho + adhi = 2 words]

Adhi icc etassa sare pare ajjhādeso hoti.

Ajjhokāse (Vin. ii, 58)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. ii, p. 58, ajjhāgamā.

‘Adhi’, ‘ajjh’.
When a vowel follows, ‘adhi’ is substituted by ‘ajjh’.
Examples: “Ajjhokāse”, “ajjhāgamā”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Ajjhokāse: adhi okāse; ajjh okāse (§45); ajjhokāse (§11).

Ajjhāgamā: adhi āgamā; ajjh āgamā (§45); ajjhāgamā (§11).

Studied
46Kaccāyana Sutta. 26Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Te na vā ivaṇṇe (59)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Te + na + vā + i-vaṇṇe = 4 words]

Te ca kho abhi adhi icc ete ivaṇṇe pare abbho ajjho iti vuttarūpā na honti vā.

Abhicchitaṃ, adhīritaṃ.

Vā ti kasmā? Abbhīritaṃ, ajjhiṇamutto.

Optionally, when ‘i’ and ‘ī’ follow, they are not [applied].
When the letters ‘i’ and ‘ī’ follow, ‘abhi’ and ‘adhi’ optionally are not substituted by the said forms: ‘abbh’ and ‘ajjh’.
Examples: “Abhicchitaṃ”, “adhīritaṃ”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Abhicchitaṃ: abhi icchitaṃ; abh i icchitaṃ (§10); abh icchitaṃ (§12); abhicchitaṃ (§11).

Adhīritaṃ: adhi īritaṃ; adh i īritaṃ (§10); adh īritaṃ (§12); adhīritaṃ (§11).

Why say “optionally”? [To allow the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Abbhīritaṃ”, “ajjhiṇamutto”.

Counter-examples

Abbhīritaṃ: abhi īritaṃ; abbh īritaṃ (§44); abbhīritaṃ (§11).

Ajjhiṇamutto: adhi iṇa mutto; ajjh iṇa mutto (§44); ajjhiṇamutto (§11).

Studied
47Kaccāyana Sutta. 23Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Atissa c’ antassa (60)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Atissa + ca + antassa = 3 words]

Ati icc etassa antabhūtassa tisaddassa ivaṇṇe pare “sabbo caṃ tī” ti vuttarūpaṃ na hoti.

Atīsigaṇo, atīritaṃ.

Ivaṇṇe ti kasmā? Accantaṃ (VinA. i, 1)Vinaya-aṭṭhakathā · vol. i, p. 1.

And to the end of ‘ati’.
When the letters ‘i’ and ‘ī’ follow, the said form ordained by “sabbo caṃ ti” (§19) does not apply to the end syllable ‘ti’ of ‘ati’.
Examples: “Atīsigaṇo”, “atīritaṃ”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Atīsigaṇo: ati isi gaṇo; at i isi gaṇo (§10); at isi gaṇo (§12); at īsi gaṇo (§15); atīsigaṇo (§11).

Atīritaṃ: ati īritaṃ; at i īritaṃ (§10); at īritaṃ (§12); atīritaṃ (§11).

Why say “letters ‘i’ and ‘ī’”? [To allow the operation of this rule in the following example] “Accantaṃ”.

Counter-example

Accantaṃ: ati antaṃ; at i antaṃ (§10); a c antaṃ (§19); a cc antaṃ (§28); accantaṃ (§11).

Studied
48Kaccāyana Sutta. 43Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Kvaci paṭi patissa (137)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Kvaci + paṭi + patissa = 3 words]

Pati icc etassa sare vā byañjane vā pare kvacisometimes paṭi-ādeso hoti.

Paṭaggi (Vin. iv, 279)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. iv, p. 279 dātabbo, paṭihaññati (Vin. iv, 292)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. iv, p. 292.

Kvacī ti kasmā? Paccantimesu janapadesu (Vin. iii, 287)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. iii, p. 287, patilīyati (A. ii, 434)Aṅguttara-nikāya · vol. ii, p. 434, patirūpadesavāso ca (Khu. i, 4)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 4.

Sometimes ‘paṭi’ for ‘pati’.
When a consonant or a vowel follows, sometimes there is the substitution of ‘pati’ by ‘paṭi’.
Examples: “Paṭaggi dātabbo”, “paṭihaññati”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Paṭaggi: pati aggi; pat i aggi (§10); pat aggi (§12); paṭ aggi (§48); paṭaggi (§11).

Paṭihaññati: pati haññati; paṭi haññati (§48); paṭihaññati (§11).

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Paccantimesu janapadesu”, “patilīyati”, “patirūpadesavāso ca”.

Counter-examples

Paccantimesu: pati antimesu; pa ti antimesu (§10); pa c antimesu (§19); pa cc antimesu (§28); paccantimesu (§11).

Patilīyati. Here and in the following example there is no substitution.

Patirūpadesavāso.

Studied
49Kaccāyana Sutta. 44Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Puthass u byañjane (129)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[Putha-ssa + u + byañjane = 3 words]

Putha icc etassa anto saro byañjane pare ukāro hoti.

Puthujjano (D. i, 3)Dīgha-nikāya · vol. i, p. 3, puthubhūtaṃ (D. ii, 89)Dīgha-nikāya · vol. ii, p. 89. Antaggahaṇena aputhassāpi sare pare antassa ukāro hoti. Manuññaṃ (Khu. ii, 119)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. ii, p. 119.

When a consonant follows, ‘u’ of [the end of] “putha”.
When a consonant follows, the end vowel of “putha” becomes ‘u’.
Examples: “Puthujjano”, “puthubhūtaṃ”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Puthujjano: putha jano; puth a jano (§10); puth u jano (§49); puth u jjano (§28); puthujjano (§11).

Puthubhūtaṃ: putha bhūtaṃ; puth a bhūtaṃ (§10); puth u bhūtaṃ (§49); puthubhūtaṃ (§11).

Extension by “anta”: By taking “anta” (antaggahaṇena), when a vowel follows, there is also the substitution of the end vowel of words other than “putha” by the letter ‘u’.

Manuññaṃ: mano aññaṃ; man o aññaṃ (§10); man u aññaṃ (“anta” of §49); man u ññaṃ (§13); manuññaṃ (§11).

Studied
50Kaccāyana Sutta. 45Rūpasiddhi Sutta.O avassa (126)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[O + avassa = 2 words]

Ava icc etassa byañjane pare kvacisometimes okāro hoti.

Andhakārena onaddhā (Khu. i, 35)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 35.

Kvacī ti kasmā? Avasussatu me sarīre maṃsalohitaṃ (M. ii, 146)Majjhima-nikāya · vol. ii, p. 146.

‘O’ of ‘ava’.
When a consonant follows, sometimes there is the substitution of ‘ava’ by ‘o’.
Example: “Andhakārena onaddhā”.
Example [with formation sequence]

Onaddhā: ava naddhā; o naddhā (§50); onaddhā (§11).

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following example] “Avasussatu me sarīre maṃsalohitaṃ”.

Counter-example

Avasussatu. Here there is no substitution of ‘ava’ by ‘o’.

Studied
51Kaccāyana Sutta. 59Rūpasiddhi Sutta.Anupadiṭṭhānaṃ vuttayogato (150, 154)Saddanīti-Suttamālā Sutta
[An-upadiṭṭhānaṃ + vutta-yogato = 2 words]

Anupadiṭṭhānaṃ upasagganipātānaṃ sarasandhīhi byañjanasandhīhi vuttasandhīhi33Vuttehi sarasandhīhi (K). ca yathāyogaṃ yojetabbaṃ.

Pāpanaṃ (AbhiA. ii, 466)Abhidhamma-aṭṭhakathā · vol. ii, p. 466, parāyaṇaṃ (Khu. i, 335)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 335, upāyanaṃ, upāhanaṃ (Vin. iii, 272)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. iii, p. 272, nyāyogo, nirupadhi (Khu. i, 148)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 148, anubodho (AbhiA. i, 296)Abhidhamma-aṭṭhakathā · vol. i, p. 296, duvūpasantaṃ, suvūpasantaṃ, dvālayo, svālayo, durākhyātaṃ, svākhyāto, udīritaṃ (Khu. i, 131)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 131, samuddiṭṭhaṃ, viyaggaṃ, vijjhaggaṃ, byaggaṃ, avayāgamanaṃ, anveti (Khu. i, 13)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 13, anūpaghāto (Khu. i, 41)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. i, p. 41, anacchariyaṃ (Vin. iv, 39)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. iv, p. 39, pariyesanā (A. i, 570)Aṅguttara-nikāya · vol. i, p. 570, parāmāso (Abhi. i, 93)Abhidhamma-piṭaka · vol. i, p. 93. Evaṃ sare ca honti.

Pariggaho (D. ii, 50)Dīgha-nikāya · vol. ii, p. 50, paggaho (Khu. ix, 291)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. ix, p. 291, pakkamo, parakkamo (Abhi. i, 92)Abhidhamma-piṭaka · vol. i, p. 92, nikkamo (Abhi. i, 93)Abhidhamma-piṭaka · vol. i, p. 93, nikkasāvo, nillayanaṃ, dullayanaṃ, dubbhikkhaṃ (Vin. i, 8)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. i, p. 8, dubbuttaṃ, sandiṭṭhaṃ (Vin. i, 112)Vinaya-piṭaka · vol. i, p. 112, duggaho, viggaho (D. i, 223)Dīgha-nikāya · vol. i, p. 223, niggato (SuttanipātaA. ii, 208)Suttanipāta-aṭṭhakathā · vol. ii, p. 208, abhikkamo (M. iii, 302)Majjhima-nikāya · vol. iii, p. 302, paṭikkamo (Khu. vi, 171)Khuddaka-nikāya · vol. vi, p. 171. Evaṃ byañjane ca. Sesā sabbe yojetabbā.

Of those that have not been shown, formation according to the mentioned.
Those forms of prefixes and particles, whose formations have not been shown, should be formed by the rules of vowel-sandhi, consonant-sandhi or verse-sandhi that have been mentioned before.
Examples, in case of vowels:
“Pāpanaṃ”, “parāyaṇaṃ”, “upāyanaṃ”, “upāhanaṃ”, “nyāyogo”, “nirupadhi”, “anubodho”, “duvūpasantaṃ”, “suvūpasantaṃ”, “dvālayo”, “svālayo”, “durākhyātaṃ”, “svākhyāto”, “udīritaṃ”, “samuddiṭṭhaṃ”, “viyaggaṃ”, “vijjhaggaṃ”, “byaggaṃ”, “avayāgamanaṃ”, “anveti”, “anūpaghāto”, “anacchariyaṃ”, “pariyesanā”, “parāmāso”. Thus [they are formed] also with vowels.
Examples, in case of consonants:
“Pariggaho”, “paggaho”, “pakkamo”, “parakkamo”, “nikkamo”, “nikkasāvo”, “nillayanaṃ”, “dullayanaṃ”, “dubbhikkhaṃ”, “dubbuttaṃ”, “sandiṭṭhaṃ”, “duggaho”, “viggaho”, “niggato”, “abhikkamo”, “paṭikkamo”. Thus [they are formed] also with consonants. All the others should be formed in the same way.

Formation sequences [in case of vowels]:

Pāpanaṃ: pa āpanaṃ; p a āpanaṃ (§10); p āpanaṃ (§12); pāpanaṃ (§11).

Parāyaṇaṃ: parā ayanaṃ; par ā ayanaṃ (§10); par ayanaṃ (§12); par āyanaṃ (§15); par āyaṇaṃ (“ca” of §20); parāyaṇaṃ (§11).34Some teachers separate this as “paraṃ ayanaṃ”.

Upāyanaṃ: upa ayanaṃ; up a ayanaṃ (§10); up ayanaṃ (§12); up āyanaṃ (§15); upāyanaṃ (§11).

Upāhanaṃ: upa āhanaṃ; up a āhanaṃ (§10); up āhanaṃ (§12); upāhanaṃ (§11).

Nyāyogo: ni āyogo; ny āyogo (§21); nyāyogo (§11).

Nirupadhi: ni upadhi; ni r upadhi (§35); nirupadhi (§11).

Anubodho: anu bodho (§23); anubodho (§11).

Duvūpasantaṃ: du upasantaṃ; du v upasantaṃ (§35); du v ūpasantaṃ (§25); duvūpasantaṃ (§11).

Suvūpasantaṃ: su upasantaṃ; su v upasantaṃ (§35); su v ūpasantaṃ (§25); suvūpasantaṃ (§11).

Dvālayo: du ālayo; dv ālayo (§18); dvālayo (§11).

Svālayo: su ālayo; sv ālayo (§18); svālayo (§11).

Durākhyātaṃ: du ākhyātaṃ; du r ākhyātaṃ (§35); durākhyātaṃ (§11).

Svākhyāto: su ākhyāto; sv ākhyāto (§18); svākhyāto (§11).

Udīritaṃ: u īritaṃ; u d īritaṃ (§35); udīritaṃ (§11).

Samuddiṭṭhaṃ: saṃ uddiṭṭhaṃ; sam uddiṭṭhaṃ (§34); samuddiṭṭhaṃ (§11).

Viyaggaṃ: vi aggaṃ; vi y aggaṃ (§35); viyaggaṃ (§11).

Vijjhaggaṃ: vi adhi aggaṃ; vi ajjh aggaṃ (§45); vijjhaggaṃ (§11).

Byaggaṃ: vi aggaṃ; v i aggaṃ (§10); v y aggaṃ (§21); b y aggaṃ (“ca” of §20); byaggaṃ (§11).

Avayāgamanaṃ: ava āgamanaṃ; ava y āgamanaṃ (§35); avayāgamanaṃ (§11).

Anveti: anu eti; anv eti (§18); anveti (§11).

Anūpaghāto: anu upaghāto; an upaghāto (§12); an ūpaghāto (§15); anūpaghāto (§11).

Anacchariyaṃ: anu acchariyaṃ; an acchariyaṃ (§12); anacchariyaṃ (§11).35See also Nyāsa.

Pariyesanā: pari esanā; pari y esanā (§35); pariyesanā (§11).

Parāmāso: para āmāso; par a āmāso (§10); par āmāso (§12); parāmāso (§11).

Formation sequences [in case of consonants]:

Pariggaho: pari gaho; pari ggaho (§28); pariggaho (§11).

Paggaho: pa gaho; pa ggaho (§28); paggaho (§11).

Pakkamo: pa kamo; pa kkamo (§28); pakkamo (§11).

Parakkamo: parā kamo; par ā kamo (§10); par a kamo (§26); para kkamo (§28); parakkamo (§11).

Nikkamo: ni kamo; ni kkamo (§28); nikkamo (§11).

Nikkasāvo: ni kasāvo; ni kkasāvo (§28); nikkasāvo (§11).

Nillayanaṃ: ni layanaṃ; ni llayanaṃ (§28); nillayanaṃ (§11).

Dullayanaṃ: du layanaṃ; du llayanaṃ (§28); dullayanaṃ (§11).

Dubbhikkhaṃ: du bhikkhaṃ; du bbhikkhaṃ (§29); dubbhikkhaṃ (§11).

Dubbuttaṃ: du uttaṃ; du v uttaṃ (§35); du vv uttaṃ (§28); du bb uttaṃ (“ca” of §20); dubbuttaṃ (§11).

Sandiṭṭhaṃ: saṃ diṭṭhaṃ; san diṭṭhaṃ (§31); sandiṭṭhaṃ (§11).

Duggaho: du gaho; du ggaho (§28); duggaho (§11).

Viggaho: vi gaho; vi ggaho (§28); viggaho (§11).

Niggato: ni gato; ni ggato (§28); niggato (§11).

Abhikkamo: abhi kamo; abhi kkamo (§28); abhikkamo (§11).

Paṭikkamo: paṭi kamo; paṭi kkamo (§28); paṭikkamo (§11).

33Vuttehi sarasandhīhi (K).
34Some teachers separate this as “paraṃ ayanaṃ”.
35See also Nyāsa.
Studied
Iti sandhi-kappe pañcamo kaṇḍo
Thus ends the fifth section of the chapter on sandhi
Sandhi-kappo niṭṭhito
End of the Sandhi Chapter
Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ — 1-Sandhi-Kappa · 51 suttas (§1–§51). Hover over the Pāḷi terms or the numeric superscripts to see their meaning. Expand “Show notes” to read the full notes.
Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.

Version 1.0 — . First English edition: Bhikkhu Nandisena's translation with the apparatus of the Spanish edition (formation sequences, counter-examples, word-count breakdowns after Thitzana, glossary tooltips) and a fixed glossary for the technical terms.