Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 1 of 8

§37

Niggahitañ ca

And the niggahita.

Text and translation

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37. 57. Niggahitañ ca (146)

[Niggahitaṃ + ca = 2 words]

Niggahitañ c’ āgamo hoti sare vā byañjane vā pare kvaci.

Cakkhuṃ udapādi (Vin. iii, 15), avaṃsiro (Khu. v, 230), yāvañ c’ idha bhikkhave purimaṃ jātiṃ sarāmi, aṇuṃthūlāni sabbaso (Khu. i, 54), manopubbaṅgamā dhammā (Khu. i, 13).

Kvacī ti kasmā? Idh’ eva naṃ pasaṃsanti, pecca sagge pamodati (Khu. vi, 82; A. i, 311); na hi etehi yānehi, gaccheyya agataṃ disaṃ (Khu. i, 59).

Caggahaṇena visaddassa ca pakāro hoti. Pacessati, vicessati vā (Khu. i, 19).

And the niggahita.
When a vowel or a consonant follows, sometimes there is the insertion of the niggahita.
Examples: “Cakkhuṃ udapādi”, “avaṃsiro”, “yāvañ c’ idha bhikkhave purimaṃ jātiṃ sarāmi”, “aṇuṃthūlāni sabbaso”, “manopubbaṅgamā dhammā”.
Examples [with formation sequence]

Cakkhuṃ udapādi: cakkhu udapādi; cakkhu ṃ udapādi (§37); cakkhuṃ udapādi (§11).

Avaṃsiro: ava siro; ava ṃ siro (§37); avaṃsiro (§11).

Yāvañ c’ idha: yāva ca idha; yāva c a idha (§10); yāva c idha (§12); yāva ṃ c idha (§37); yāva ñ c idha (§31); yāvañcidha (§11); yāvañ c’ idha (ME).

Purimaṃ jātiṃ.

Aṇuṃthūlāni: aṇu thūlāni; aṇu ṃ thūlāni (§37); aṇuṃthūlāni (§11).

Manopubbaṅgamā: manopubba gamā; manopubba ṃ gamā (§37); manopubba ṅ gamā (§31); manopubbaṅgamā (§11).

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Idh’ eva naṃ pasaṃsanti, pecca sagge pamodati”; “na hi etehi yānehi, gaccheyya agataṃ disaṃ”.

Counter-examples

Idh’ eva: idha eva; idh a eva (§10); idh eva (§12); idheva (§11); idh’ eva (ME).

Pecca sagge.

Hi etehi.

Extension by “ca” (accumulating): By taking “ca”, there is also ‘pa’ for ‘vi’. Example: “pacessati”; counter-example for “ca”: “vicessati”.

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

Where it is cited

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.