Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 1 of 8

§29

Vagge ghosāghosānaṃ tatiya-paṭhamā

In the grouped, the first and third of the voiceless and voiced.

Text and translation

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29. 42. Vagge ghosāghosānaṃ tatiya-paṭhamā (68)

[Vagge + ghosa-aghosānaṃ + tatiya-paṭhamā = 3 words]

Vagge kho pubbesaṃ byañjanānaṃ ghosāghosabhūtānaṃ saramhā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ tatiyapaṭhamakkharā dvebhāvaṃ gacchanti ṭhāne (in the appropriate place).

Es’ eva ca jjhānapphalo, yatra ṭṭhitaṃ na ppasaheyya maccu (Khu. i, 32), sele yathā pabbatamuddhani ṭṭhito (Vin. iii, 6), cattāri ṭṭhānāni naro pamatto (Khu. i, 57).

Ṭhāne ti kasmā? Idha cetaso daḷhaṃ gaṇhāti thāmasā.

In the grouped, the first and third of the voiceless and voiced.
In the appropriate place, the first and third letters become the double [as first-second and third-fourth letters] respectively of that group when they are preceded by a vowel.
Examples: “Es’ eva ca jjhānapphalo”, “yatra ṭṭhitaṃ na ppasaheyya maccu”, “sele yathā pabbatamuddhani ṭṭhito”, “cattāri ṭṭhānāni naro pamatto”.
Examples [with formation sequence]
Ca jjhānapphalo
Sequence
  1. ca jhānapphalo
  2. ca jjhānapphalo (§29)
  3. cajjhānapphalo (§11)
  4. ca jjhānapphalo (ME)
Yatra ṭṭhitaṃ
Sequence
  1. yatra ṭhitaṃ
  2. yatra ṭṭhitaṃ (§29)
  3. yatraṭṭhitaṃ (§11)
  4. yatra ṭṭhitaṃ (ME)
Pabbatamuddhani ṭṭhito
Sequence
  1. pabbatamuddhani ṭhito
  2. pabbatamuddhani ṭṭhito (§29)
  3. pabbatamuddhaniṭṭhito (§11)
  4. pabbatamuddhani ṭṭhito (ME)
Cattāri ṭṭhānāni
Sequence
  1. cattāri ṭhānāni
  2. cattāri ṭṭhānāni (§29)
  3. cattāriṭṭhānāni (§11)
  4. cattāri ṭṭhānāni (ME)

Why say “in the appropriate place”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following example] “Idha cetaso daḷhaṃ gaṇhāti thāmasā”.

Counter-example

“Idha cetaso.” Here there is no doubling of the ‘c’ of “cetaso” after the vowel ‘a’ of “idha”.

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.