Pāḷi Grammars
ES

Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 1 of 8

§18

Vam od-udantānaṃ

‘V’ of those that end in ‘o’ and ‘u’.

Text and translation

Read in the chapter →

18. 20. Vam od-udantānaṃ (44)

[Vaṃ + o-u-dantānaṃ = 2 words]

Okār’-ukārānaṃ antabhūtānaṃ sare pare kvaci (sometimes) vakārādeso hoti.

Attha khv assa (M. i, 243), sv assa hoti, bahv ābādho (S. i, 94), vatthv ettha vihitaṃ niccaṃ, cakkhv āpātham āgacchati.

Kvacī ti kasmā? Cattāro ’me bhikkhave dhammā (A. i, 311), kinnu ’mā ’va samaṇiyo (Vin. ii, 304).

‘V’ of those that end in ‘o’ and ‘u’.
When a vowel follows, the letters ‘o’ and ‘u’, which stand at the end, sometimes are substituted by ‘v’.
Examples: “Attha khv assa”, “sv assa hoti”, “bahv ābādho”, “vatthv ettha vihitaṃ niccaṃ”, “cakkhv āpātham āgacchati”.
Examples [with formation sequence]
Attha khv assa
Sequence
  1. attha kho assa
  2. atth kh o assa (§10)
  3. attha kh v assa (§18)
  4. attha khvassa (§11)
  5. attha khv assa (ME)
Sv assa
Sequence
  1. so assa
  2. s o assa (§10)
  3. s v assa (§18)
  4. svassa (§11)
  5. sv assa (ME)
Bahv ābādho
Sequence
  1. bahu ābādho
  2. bah u ābādho (§10)
  3. bah v ābādho (§18)
  4. bahvābādho (§11)
  5. bahv ābādho (ME)
Vatthv ettha
Sequence
  1. vatthu ettha
  2. vatth u ettha (§10)
  3. vatth v ettha (§18)
  4. vatthvettha (§11).
  5. vatthv ettha (ME)
Cakkhv āpātham
Sequence
  1. cakkhu āpātham
  2. cakkh u āpātham (§10)
  3. cakkh v āpātham (§18)
  4. cakkhvāpātham (§11)
  5. cakkhv āpātham (ME)

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following examples] “Cattāro ’me bhikkhave dhammā”, “kinnu ’mā ’va samaṇiyo”.

Counter-examples
Cattāro ’me
Sequence
  1. cattāro ime
  2. cattār o ime (§10)
  3. cattār o me (§13)
  4. cattārome (§11)
  5. cattāro ’me (ME)
Kinnu ’mā ’va
Sequence
  1. kinnu imāva
  2. kinn u imāva (§10)
  3. kinn u māva (§13)
  4. kinnumāva (§11)
  5. kinnu ’mā ’va (ME)

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

Where it is cited

Drafts

Ask about §18

Questions are asked from the analysis following Visuddhāyuṃ (draft): the answer uses this sutta's row and the project's sources. It is for enrolled students and requires signing in.

Ask about §18 →

Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.