Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 1 of 8

§19

Sabbo caṃ ti

All [the syllable] ‘ti’ [becomes] ‘c’.

Text and translation

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19. 22. Sabbo caṃ ti (46, 47)

[Sabbo + ca + ti = 3 words]

Sabbo icc eso tisaddo byañjano sare pare kvaci (sometimes) cakāraṃ pappoti.

Icc etaṃ kusalaṃ (Vin. i, 265), icc assa vacanīyaṃ (D. ii, 47), paccuttaritvā (JA. vi, 94), paccāharati (Vin. i, 204).

Kvacī ti kasmā? Iti ’ssa muhuttam pi (Vin. ii, 196).

All [the syllable] ‘ti’ [becomes] ‘c’.
When a vowel follows, the complete syllable ‘ti’ sometimes becomes ‘c’.
Examples: “Icc etaṃ kusalaṃ”, “icc assa vacanīyaṃ”, “paccuttaritvā”, “paccāharati”.
Examples [with formation sequence]
Icc etaṃ
Sequence
  1. iti etaṃ
  2. ic etaṃ (§19)
  3. icc etaṃ (§28)
  4. iccetaṃ (§11)
  5. icc etaṃ (ME)
Icc assa
Sequence
  1. iti assa
  2. ic assa (§19)
  3. icc assa (§28)
  4. iccassa (§11)
  5. icc assa (ME)
Paccuttaritvā
Sequence
  1. pati uttaritvā
  2. pac uttaritvā (§19)
  3. pacc uttaritvā (§28)
  4. paccuttaritvā (§11)
Paccāharati
Sequence
  1. pati āharati
  2. pac āharati (§19)
  3. pacc āharati (§28)
  4. paccāharati (§11)

Why say “sometimes”? [To prevent the operation of this rule in the following example] “Iti ’ssa muhuttam pi”.

Counter-example
Iti ’ssa
Sequence
  1. iti assa
  2. iti ssa (§13)
  3. itissa (§11)
  4. iti ’ssa (ME)

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.