Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 1 of 8

§23

Sarā pakati byañjane

When a consonant follows, [vowels keep their] original [form].

Text and translation

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23. 36. Sarā pakati byañjane (62)

[Sarā + pakati + byañjane = 3 words]

Sarā kho byañjane pare pakatirūpāni honti.

Manopubbaṅgamā dhammā (Khu. i, 13), pamādo maccuno padaṃ (Khu. i, 16), tiṇṇo pāraṅgato ahu (Khu. i, 72).

When a consonant follows, [vowels keep their] original [form].
When a consonant follows, vowels retain their original form.
Examples: “Manopubbaṅgamā dhammā”, “pamādo maccuno padaṃ”, “tiṇṇo pāraṅgato ahu”.

Explanation of the examples:

Manopubbaṅgamā dhammā. Here the ‘ā’ remains unchanged because it is followed by a consonant.

Pamādo maccuno padaṃ. The ‘o’ of “pamādo” and the ‘o’ of “maccuno” remain unchanged because they are followed by consonants.

Tiṇṇo pāraṅgato ahu. The ‘o’ of “tiṇṇo” remains unchanged because it is followed by a consonant. The ‘o’ of “pāraṅgato” remains unchanged before the vowel ‘a’ of “ahu” according to the next sutta.

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.