Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 6 of 8

§446

Rudhādito niggahitapubbañ ca

Also after “rudha” and others, [there is] the “niggahita” in front.

Text and translation

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446. 509. Rudhādito niggahitapubbañ ca (926)

[Rudha-ādito + niggahita-pubbaṃ + ca = 3 words]

Rudha icc evamādito dhātugaṇato apaccayo hoti kattari, pubbe niggahitāgamo hoti.

Rundhati (SnA. i, 161), chindati, bhindati.

Caggahaṇena i ī e o icc ete paccayā honti niggahitapubbañ ca.

Rundhiti, rundhīti, rundheti, rundhoti, sumbhoti, parisumbhoti.

Also after “rudha” and others, [there is] the “niggahita” in front.
After the group of roots that begin with “rudha”, there is the suffix ‘a’ in the active voice, and in front there is insertion of the “niggahita”.
Examples
  1. Rundhati ([he] obstructs), chindati ([he] cuts), bhindati ([he] breaks).

By taking “ca”, there are also the suffixes ‘i’, ‘ī’, ‘e’ and ‘o’, and the “niggahita” in front:

  1. Rundhiti, rundhīti, rundheti, rundhoti ([he] obstructs); sumbhoti, parisumbhoti ([he] strikes).
Sequence of rundhati ([he] obstructs)
  1. rudha (§457)
  2. rudh (§521)
  3. rudh + ti (§414)
  4. rudh + a + ti (§445)
  5. ruṃdh + a + ti (§446)
  6. rundh + a + ti (§31)
  7. rundhati (§11)

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.