Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 2 of 8

§243

Bho ge tu

When ‘ga’ follows, [there is] “bho”.

Text and translation

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243. 110. Bho ge tu (473-84)

[Bho + ge + tu = 3 words]

Sabbass’ eva bhavantasaddassa bho-ādeso hoti ge pare.

Bho purisa, bho aggi, bho rāja, bho sattha, bho daṇḍi, bho sayambhu.

Ge ti kimatthaṃ? Bhavatā, bhavaṃ.

Tuggahaṇena aññasmim pi vacane sabbassa bhavantasaddassa bhonta bhante bhonto bhadde bhotā bhoto icc ete ādesā honti. Bhonta, bhante, bhonto, bhadde, bhotā, bhoto.

When ‘ga’ follows, [there is] “bho”.
When ‘ga’ follows, the whole word “bhavanta” is substituted by “bho”.
Examples
  1. Bho purisa, bho aggi, bho rāja, bho sattha, bho daṇḍi, bho sayambhu:
    • Bho = bhavanta + si (‘si’ is named ‘ga’ (§57); “bhavanta” is substituted by “bho” (§243); ‘si’ is elided (§220)).

What is the purpose of saying “when ‘ga’ follows”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘ga’ does not follow, such as in:] bhavatā, bhavaṃ.

By taking “tu”, also when other inflections follow, the whole word “bhavanta” is substituted by “bhonta”, “bhante”, “bhonto”, “bhadde”, “bhotā” and “bhoto”. Bhonta, bhante, bhonto, bhadde, bhotā, bhoto.

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.