Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 2 of 8

§116

Akatarassā lato yv-ālapanassa ve-vo

After ‘la’ not shortened, ‘ve’ and ‘vo’ of the vocative ‘yo’.

Text and translation

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116. 197. Akatarassā lato yv-ālapanassa ve-vo (291)

[Akatarassa + lato + yo-ālapanassa + ve-vo = 4 words]

Tasmā akatarassā lato yvālapanassa ve-vo-ādesā honti.

Bhikkhave, bhikkhavo; hetave, hetavo.

Akatarassā ti kimatthaṃ? Sayambhuvo.

Lato ti kimatthaṃ? Nāgiyo, dhenuyo, yāguyo.

Ālapanasse ti kimatthaṃ? Te hetavo, te bhikkhavo.

After ‘la’ not shortened, ‘ve’ and ‘vo’ of the vocative ‘yo’.
After the letter ‘la’, which has not been shortened, the vocative ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘ve’ and ‘vo’.
Example
  1. Bhikkhave = bhikkhu + yo (‘u’ is named ‘la’ (§58); ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘ve’ (§116); ‘u’, which has not been shortened, becomes ‘a’ (§97)).
  2. Bhikkhavo = bhikkhu + yo (‘u’ is named ‘la’ (§58); ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘vo’ (§116); ‘u’, which has not been shortened, becomes ‘a’ (§97)).
  3. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “not shortened”? [This sutta does not apply when it has been shortened, such as in] sayambhuvo.

Example
  1. Sayambhuvo = sayambhū + yo (‘u’ is named ‘la’ (§58); ‘ū’ is shortened (§84); since ‘ū’ has been shortened, this sutta does not operate; ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘vo’ (§119)).

What is the purpose of saying “after ‘la’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘la’, such as in] nāgiyo, dhenuyo, yāguyo.

What is the purpose of saying “of the vocative”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no vocative, such as in] te hetavo, te bhikkhavo.

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.