Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 2 of 8

§84

Agho rassam ekavacanayosv api ca

And also when the singular [number] and ‘yo’ follow, non-‘gha’ [is shortened].

Text and translation

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84. 144. Agho rassam ekavacanayosv api ca (237-8)

[Agho + rassaṃ + ekavacana-yosu + api + ca = 5 words]

Agho saro rassam āpajjate ekavacana-yo icc etesu.

Itthiṃ, itthiyo, itthiyā. Vadhuṃ, vadhuyo, vadhuyā. Daṇḍiṃ, daṇḍino, daṇḍinā. Sayambhuṃ, sayambhuvo, sayambhunā.

Agho ti kimatthaṃ? Kaññaṃ, kaññāyo, kaññāya.

Ekavacanayosv iti kimatthaṃ? Itthīhi, sayambhūhi.

Caggahaṇam avadhāraṇatthaṃ? Nadiṃ, nadīyo, nadiyā.

Apiggahaṇena na rassam āpajjate. Itthī, bhikkhunī.

And also when the singular [number] and ‘yo’ follow, non-‘gha’ [is shortened].
When the singular [inflection] and ‘yo’ follow, the vowel that is not ‘gha’ is shortened.
Examples
  1. Itthiṃ = itthī + aṃ (‘ī’ of “itthī” is shortened (§84); ‘aṃ’ becomes ‘ṃ’ (§82)).
  2. Itthiyo = itthī + yo (‘ī’ of “itthī” is shortened (§84)).
  3. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous ones.

What is the purpose of saying “non-‘gha’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is ‘gha’, such as in] kaññaṃ, kaññāyo, kaññāya.

What is the purpose of saying “when the singular [number] and ‘yo’ [follow]”? [This sutta does not apply when that is not the case, such as in] itthīhi, sayambhūhi.

“Ca” is for emphasis.

By taking “api”, there is no shortening.

Examples
  1. Itthī = itthī + si (‘ī’ is not shortened because of “api” in this sutta (§84); ‘si’ is elided (§220)).

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.