Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 2 of 8

§92

Ntuss’ anto yosu ca

And when ‘yo’ [and others] follow, the end of ‘ntu’.

Text and translation

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92. 100. Ntuss’ anto yosu ca (249)

[Ntussa + anto + yosu + ca = 4 words]

Ntupaccayassa anto attam āpajjate su naṃ hi yo icc etesu paresu.

Guṇavantesu, guṇavantānaṃ, guṇavantehi, guṇavantā, guṇavante.

Ntusse ti kimatthaṃ? Isīnaṃ.

Etesv iti kimatthaṃ? Guṇavā.

Caggahaṇena aññesu vacanesu attañ ca hoti. Guṇavantasmiṃ, guṇavantena.

Antaggahaṇena ntupaccayassa anto attam āpajjate, yonañ ca ikāro hoti. Guṇavanti.

And when ‘yo’ [and others] follow, the end of ‘ntu’.
When ‘su’, ‘naṃ’, ‘hi’ and ‘yo’ follow, the end vowel of the suffix ‘ntu’ becomes ‘a’.
  1. Guṇavantesu = guṇavantu + su (‘u’ of ‘ntu’ becomes ‘a’ (§92); ‘a’ becomes ‘e’ (§89)).
  2. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of saying “of ‘ntu’”? [This sutta does not apply when there is no ‘ntu’, such as in] isīnaṃ.

What is the purpose of saying “when these follow”? [This sutta does not apply when ‘su’, ‘naṃ’, ‘hi’ and ‘yo’ do not follow, such as in] guṇavā.

By taking “ca”, when other inflections follow, there is also ‘a’. Examples: guṇavantasmiṃ, guṇavantena.

By taking “anta”, the end vowel of the suffix ‘ntu’ becomes ‘a’, and ‘yo’ becomes ‘i’. Example:

  1. Guṇavanti = guṇavantu + yo (‘u’ of ‘ntu’ becomes ‘a’ by “anta” (§92); ‘yo’ becomes ‘i’ (§92); ‘a’ is elided (§83)).

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.