Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 2 of 8

§74

Yosu ca

And when [any of the three] ‘yo’ follow.

Text and translation

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74. 169. Yosu ca (224)

[Yosu + ca = 2 words]

Go icc etassa okārassa āvādeso hoti yo icc etesu paresu.

Gāvo gacchanti; gāvo passanti; gāvī gacchanti; gāvī passanti.

Caggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? Nā-smā-smiṃ-suvacanesu āvādeso hoti.

Gāvena, gāvā, gāve, gāvesu.

And when [any of the three] ‘yo’ follow.
When [any of the three] ‘yo’ follow, ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘āva’.
Examples
  1. Gāvo = go + yo (‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘āva’ (§74); ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘o’ (“tu” in §205); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
  2. The formation of the rest of the examples is similar to the previous one.

What is the purpose of taking “ca”? [By taking “ca”, there is the substitution ‘āva’] also when ‘nā’, ‘smā’, ‘smiṃ’ and ‘su’ follow.

Examples
  1. Gāvena = go + nā (‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘āva’ by “ca” of this sutta (§74); ‘nā’ is substituted by ‘ena’ (§103); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
  2. Gāvā = go + smā (‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘āva’ by “ca” of this sutta (§74); ‘smā’ is substituted by ‘ā’ (§108); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
  3. Gāve = go + smiṃ (‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘āva’ by “ca” of this sutta (§74); ‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘e’ (§108); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
  4. Gāvesu = go + su (‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘āva’ by “ca” of this sutta (§74); ‘a’ is substituted by ‘e’ (§101)).

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.