Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 2 of 8

§75

Av’ aṃmhi ca

And when ‘aṃ’ follows, ‘ava’.

Text and translation

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75. 170. Av’ aṃmhi ca (224)

[Ava + aṃ-mhi + ca = 3 words]

Go icc etassa okārassa āva ava icc ete ādesā honti aṃ-mhi vibhattimhi.

Caggahaṇena sādisesesu pubbuttavacanesu go icc etassa okārassa avādeso hoti.

Gāvaṃ, gavaṃ. Gavassa, gavo, gavena, gavā, gave, gavesu.

And when ‘aṃ’ follows, ‘ava’.
When the inflection ‘aṃ’ follows, ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘āva’ and ‘ava’.
Examples
  1. Gāvaṃ = go + aṃ (‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘āva’ (§75); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
  2. Gavaṃ = go + aṃ (‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§75); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).

By taking “ca”, when the remaining inflections beginning with ‘sa’ mentioned in the previous [two] suttas follow, ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’.

Examples
  1. Gavassa = go + sa (by “ca” of this sutta, ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§75); ‘s’ is inserted (§61)).
  2. Gavo = go + yo (by “ca” of this sutta, ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§75); ‘yo’ is substituted by ‘o’ (“tu” in §205); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
  3. Gavena = go + nā (by “ca” of this sutta, ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§75); ‘nā’ is substituted by ‘ena’ (§103); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
  4. Gavā = go + smā (by “ca” of this sutta, ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§75); ‘smā’ is substituted by ‘ā’ (§108); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
  5. Gave = go + smiṃ (by “ca” of this sutta, ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§75); ‘smiṃ’ is substituted by ‘e’ (§108); ‘a’ is elided (§12)).
  6. Gavesu = go + su (by “ca” of this sutta, ‘o’ of “go” is substituted by ‘ava’ (§75); ‘a’ is substituted by ‘e’ (§101)).

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.