Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 3 of 8

§282

Yo kāreti sa hetu

The one who causes to do, he is “hetu”.

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282. 295. Yo kāreti sa hetu (550)

[Yo + kāreti + so + hetu = 4 words]

Yo kattāraṃ kāreti, so hetusañño hoti, kattā ca.

So puriso taṃ purisaṃ kammaṃ kāreti; so puriso tena purisena kammaṃ kāreti; so puriso tassa purisassa kammaṃ kāreti. Evaṃ hāreti, pāṭheti, pāceti, dhāreti.

Hetu icc anena kvattho? Dhātūhi ṇe-ṇaya-ṇāpe-ṇāpayā kāritāni hetvatthe.

The one who causes to do, he is “hetu”.
The one who causes the doer to do has the name “cause”, and also “subject”.
  1. So puriso taṃ purisaṃ kammaṃ kāreti (the man causes the man to do the work); so puriso tena purisena kammaṃ kāreti; so puriso tassa purisassa kammaṃ kāreti. (The object of the causative can also be in the third inflection, “tena purisena”, and in the sixth inflection, “tassa purisassa”.)
  2. Thus with “hāreti”, to cause to carry; “pāṭheti”, to cause to read; “pāceti”, to cause to cook; “dhāreti”, to hold.

What is the use of the name “hetu” (cause)? For the use of the name “hetu” in the sutta “Dhātūhi ṇe-ṇaya-ṇāpe-ṇāpayā kāritāni hetvatthe” (§438). After roots, the causatives ‘ṇe’, ‘ṇaya’, ‘ṇāpe’ and ‘ṇāpaya’ [are used] in the meaning of cause.

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.