Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 3 of 8

§314

Upa-’dhyādhik’-issaravacane

In the expression of excess (“adhika”) and of authority (“issara”) in connection with ‘upa’ and ‘adhi’.

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314. 328. Upa-’dhyādhik’-issaravacane (645)

[Upa-adhi + adhika-issara-vacane = 2 words]

Upa adhi icc etesaṃ payoge adhika-issaravacane sattamīvibhatti hoti.

Upa khāriyaṃ doṇo; upa nikkhe kahāpaṇaṃ. Adhi Brahmadatte Pañcālā, adhi naccesu Gotamī, adhi devesu Buddho.

In the expression of excess (“adhika”) and of authority (“issara”) in connection with ‘upa’ and ‘adhi’.
There is the seventh inflection in connection with ‘upa’ and ‘adhi’ when they mean “adhika” (excess) and “issara” (authority/superiority).
Examples
  1. Upa khāriyaṃ doṇo (a doṇa in excess of a khāri [one khāri plus one doṇa]).
  2. Upa nikkhe kahāpaṇaṃ (a kahāpaṇa in excess of a nikkha).
  3. Adhi Brahmadatte Pañcālā (the Pañcālas are subjects of Brahmadatta).
  4. Adhi naccesu Gotamī (Gotamī is superior to the dancers).
  5. Adhi devesu Buddho (the Buddha is superior to the gods).

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.