Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 5 of 8

§405

A-y-uvaṇṇānañ c’ ā-y-o vuddhi

‘Ā’, ‘e’ and ‘o’ are the strengthening of ‘a’, of ‘i’, ‘ī’ and of ‘u’, ‘ū’.

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405. 365. A-y-uvaṇṇānañ c’ ā-y-o vuddhi (860)

[A-yu-vaṇṇānaṃ + ca + āyo + vuddhi = 4 words]

A iti akāro, i ī iti ivaṇṇo, u ū iti uvaṇṇo, tesaṃ akāra-ivaṇṇ’-uvaṇṇānaṃ ā-e-ovuddhiyo honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ, ā-ī-ūvuddhi ca.

Ābhidhammiko, Venateyyo, oḷumpiko.

Pana vuddhiggahaṇaṃ kimatthaṃ? Uttarapadavuddhibhāvatthaṃ, Aṅgamagadhehi āgatā ti Aṅgamāgadhikā (Vin. iii, 37). Nigamajanapadesu jātā ti negamajānapadā. Purimajanapadesu jātā ti porimajānapadā. Sattāhe niyutto ti sattāhikā. Catuvijje niyutto ti cātuvijjikā icc evamādī yojetabbā.

Vuddhi icc anena kvattho? Vuddhādisarassa vā ’saṃyogantassa saṇe ca.

‘Ā’, ‘e’ and ‘o’ are the strengthening of ‘a’, of ‘i’, ‘ī’ and of ‘u’, ‘ū’.
‘A’ is the letter ‘a’ (akāra); ‘i’ and ‘ī’ are [the pair of letters] ‘i’ (ivaṇṇa); ‘u’ and ‘ū’ are [the pair of letters] ‘u’ (uvaṇṇa); ‘ā’, ‘e’ and ‘o’ are respectively the strengthening (vuddhi) of the letter ‘a’, of [the pair of letters] ‘i’ and of [the pair of letters] ‘u’; and ‘ā’, ‘ī’ and ‘ū’ are also strengthening.
Examples
  1. Ābhidhammiko, Venateyyo, oḷumpiko.

And what is the purpose of taking “vuddhi” [again]? So that there is strengthening of the final member of the word.

Examples
  1. Aṅgamagadhehi āgatā ti Aṅgamāgadhikā (come from Aṅga and Magadha).
  2. Nigamajanapadesu jātā ti negamajānapadā (born in the districts of the market town).
  3. Purimajanapadesu jātā ti porimajānapadā (born in the eastern districts).
  4. Sattāhe niyutto ti sattāhikā (occupied for seven days).
  5. Catuvijje niyutto ti cātuvijjikā (dedicated to the four sciences).

And so the remaining [cases] are to be formed.

What is the use of the name “vuddhi”? [To employ it in suttas like] “Vuddhādisarassa vā ’saṃyogantassa saṇe ca” (§400).

the eighth section of the chapter of nouns

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.