Pāḷi Grammars
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Kaccāyana-Byākaraṇaṃ · chapter 5 of 8

§403

Kvac’ ādi-majjh’-uttarānaṃ dīgha-rassā paccayesu ca

And sometimes, when suffixes follow, the initial, middle and final [vowels] [become] long or short.

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403. 354. Kvac’ ādi-majjh’-uttarānaṃ dīgha-rassā paccayesu ca (858)

[Kvaci + ādi-majjha-uttarānaṃ + dīgha-rassā + paccayesu + ca = 5 words]

Kvaci ādi-majjha-uttara icc etesaṃ dīgha-rassā honti paccayesu ca apaccayesu ca.

Ādidīgho tāva: Pākāro, nīvāro, pāsādo, pākaṭo, pātimokkho, pāṭikaṅkho icc evamādi.

Majjhedīgho tāva: Aṅgamāgadhiko, orabbhamāgaviko icc evamādi.

Uttaradīgho tāva: Khantī paramaṃ tapo titikkhā (Khu. i, 41), Añjanāgiri (JA. vii, 162), Koṭarāvanaṃ, aṅgulī icc evamādi.

Ādirasso tāva: Pageva (M. i, 188) icc evamādi.

Majjherasso tāva: Sumedhaso (Khu. i, 17) suvaṇṇadharehi icc evamādi.

Uttararasso tāva: Bhovādi nāma so hoti (Khu. i, 70), yathābhāvi guṇena so icc evamādi. Aññe pi yathājinavacanānuparodhena yojetabbā.

Caggahaṇena apaccayesu cā ti atthaṃ samucceti.

And sometimes, when suffixes follow, the initial, middle and final [vowels] [become] long or short.
Whether suffixes follow or do not follow, sometimes the initial, middle and final [vowels] become long or short.
First, lengthening of the initial (ādidīgha): pākāro (surrounding wall), nīvāro (a kind of grain), pāsādo (mansion), pākaṭo (famous), pātimokkho, pāṭikaṅkho (something to be desired or expected), etc.
Lengthening of the middle (majjhedīgha): Aṅgamāgadhiko (belonging to Aṅga and Magadha), orabbhamāgaviko (a hunter of rams), etc.
Lengthening of the final (uttaradīgha): Khantī paramaṃ tapo titikkhā (patience is the foremost ascetic practice), Añjanāgiri (the Añjanā mountain), Koṭarāvanaṃ (the Koṭarā forest), aṅgulī (finger), etc.
Shortening of the initial (ādirassa): pageva (much more), etc.
Shortening of the middle (majjherassa): sumedhaso (wise), suvaṇṇadharehi (with torrents of gold), etc.
Shortening of the final (uttararassa): Bhovādi nāma so hoti (he is called Bhovādi, a brahmin), yathābhāvi guṇena so (he is [called] Yathābhāvi by virtue), etc. The other [cases] are also to be formed without contradicting the Word of the Victorious One.
By taking “ca”, the meaning “also without suffixes (apaccayesu ca)” is collected.

Without the footnotes: they are on the chapter card.

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Pāḷi text and English translation by Bhikkhu Nandisena; edition, apparatus and glossary by the Instituto de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH). This material may be reproduced for personal use and distributed free of charge. Copyright © 2026 IEBH. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21948010.